21st Century Geophysics Level 4: Seismic

Acquisition
Survey design assumptions

Velocity profile: Mute profile:

Depth M/S Horizon Time offset
0 2000m/s Mishrif 1.55s 2200m
1km 2700m/s Zubair 2s 3200m
2km 3400m/s YaMama 2.5s 4500m
2.2km 3500m/s
3.2km 3700m/s
4.5km 4000m/s

Lecture 2.3 1
 21st Century Geophysics Level 4: Seismic
Acquisition
Rayleigh Criteria for bed thickness resolution
(Velocity in RED can be adjusted)

Freq. Hz.Bed Thickness

Int. Vel(m)=
m 3400
10 85 279
20 43 139
30 28 93
40 21 70
50 17 56
60 14 46
70 12 40
80 11 35

Use synthetic traces derived from well-log information to

90 9 31
determine the maximum frequency required to resolve the 100 9 28
target’s thinnest bed (formation interval) of interest. The Rayleigh
resolution criterion states that two adjacent reflections are 125 7 22
resolved if they are separated by at least one quarter wavelength
of the dominant frequency of the wavelet 150 6 19

Rule of thumb for horizontal resolution: 175 5 16

Maximum spatial resolution 200 4 14

225 4 12
(bin size dimension) will be
250 3 11
~1/10 depth to target +/- 50%
300 3 9
Eg: 1km depth, 10x10m bin 400 2 7
3km depth 30x30m bin 500 2 6
5km depth 50x50m bin Meters Feet
Lecture 2.3 1/4 wavelen = V / (4*Fdom) 2
 21st Century Geophysics Level 4: Seismic
Acquisition
Bin size calculator (Velocity in RED can be adjusted)
Bin Size Dip (deg) Int. Vel= 2000 bin=vint/(4xfreqxsin(deg))
Freq. Hz. 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 deg Dip
10 288 146 100 78 65 58 53 51 50
20 144 73 50 39 33 29 27 25 25
30 96 49 33 26 22 19 18 17 17
40 72 37 25 19 16 14 13 13 13
50 58 29 20 16 13 12 11 10 10
60 48 24 17 13 11 10 9 8 8
70 41 21 14 11 9 8 8 7 7
80 36 18 13 10 8 7 7 6 6
90 32 16 11 9 7 6 6 6 6
100 29 15 10 8 7 6 5 5 5
125 23 12 8 6 5 5 4 4 4
150 19 10 7 5 4 4 4 3 3
175 16 8 6 4 4 3 3 3 3
200 14 7 5 4 3 3 3 3 3
225 13 6 4 3 3 3 2 2 2
250 12 6 4 3 3 2 2 2 2
300 10 5 3 3 2 2 2 2 2
400 7 4 3 2 2 1 1 1 1
500 6 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 1

Lecture 2.3 3
 21st Century Geophysics Level 4: Seismic
Acquisition
Bin size calculator (Velocity in RED can be adjusted)
Bin Size Dip (deg) Int. Vel= 3400 bin=vint/(4xfreqxsin(deg))
Freq. Hz. 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 deg Dip
10 489 249 170 132 111 98 90 86 85
20 245 124 85 66 55 49 45 43 43
30 163 83 57 44 37 33 30 29 28
40 122 62 43 33 28 25 23 22 21
50 98 50 34 26 22 20 18 17 17
60 82 41 28 22 18 16 15 14 14
70 70 36 24 19 16 14 13 12 12
80 61 31 21 17 14 12 11 11 11
90 54 28 19 15 12 11 10 10 9
100 49 25 17 13 11 10 9 9 9
125 39 20 14 11 9 8 7 7 7
150 33 17 11 9 7 7 6 6 6
175 28 14 10 8 6 6 5 5 5
200 24 12 9 7 6 5 5 4 4
225 22 11 8 6 5 4 4 4 4
250 20 10 7 5 4 4 4 3 3
300 16 8 6 4 4 3 3 3 3
400 12 6 4 3 3 2 2 2 2
500 10 5 3 3 2 2 2 2 2

Lecture 2.3 4
 21st Century Geophysics Level 4: Seismic
Acquisition
Bin size calculator (Velocity in RED can be adjusted)
Bin Size Dip (deg) Int. Vel= 5000 bin=vint/(4xfreqxsin(deg))
Freq. Hz. 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 deg Dip
10 720 365 250 194 163 144 133 127 125
20 360 183 125 97 82 72 67 63 63
30 240 122 83 65 54 48 44 42 42
40 180 91 63 49 41 36 33 32 31
50 144 73 50 39 33 29 27 25 25
60 120 61 42 32 27 24 22 21 21
70 103 52 36 28 23 21 19 18 18
80 90 46 31 24 20 18 17 16 16
90 80 41 28 22 18 16 15 14 14
100 72 37 25 19 16 14 13 13 13
125 58 29 20 16 13 12 11 10 10
150 48 24 17 13 11 10 9 8 8
175 41 21 14 11 9 8 8 7 7
200 36 18 13 10 8 7 7 6 6
225 32 16 11 9 7 6 6 6 6
250 29 15 10 8 7 6 5 5 5
300 24 12 8 6 5 5 4 4 4
400 18 9 6 5 4 4 3 3 3
500 14 7 5 4 3 3 3 3 3

Lecture 2.3 5
 21st Century Geophysics Level 4: Seismic
Acquisition
7) Migration aperture and Bin size calculator
Migration aperture as a function of depth and reflector dip (zero offset, specular reflection constant V)
Mig Aperature Dip (deg)
Depth 10deg 20deg 30deg 40deg 50deg 60deg 70deg 80deg
1km 0.18km 0.36 0.58 0.83 1.2 1.73 2.75 5.7
2km 0.36km 0.72 1.16 1.66 2.4 3.46 5.5 11.4
3km 0.54km 1.08 1.74 2.49 3.6 5.19 8.25 17.1
4km 0.72km 1.44 2.32 3.32 4.8 6.92 11 22.8
5km 0.9km 1.8 2.9 4.15 6 8.65 13.75 28.5
6km 1.08km 2.16 3.5 5 7.2 10.3 16.5 34.2

Subsurface image Bin Size calculator, input interval velocity in yellow box, output max bin dimn as a function of
frequency and subsurface reflector dip. (station spacing will be twice the dimension of the natural bin)
50hz 118 58 40 31 26 23 21

Bin Size Dip (deg) Int. Vel= 3400 bin=vint/(4xfreqxsin(deg))

Freq. Hz. 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 deg
10 489 249 170 132 111 98 90 86 85
20 245 124 85 66 55 49 45 43 43
30 163 83 57 44 37 33 30 29 28
40 122 62 43 33 28 25 23 22 21
50 98 50 34 26 22 20 18 17 17
60 82 41 28 22 18 16 15 14 14
Lecture 2.3 6
 21st Century Geophysics Level 4: Seismic
Acquisition
Post Migration spatial resolution (from Vermeer)

fmax = 50 max temporal frequency Hz (note include array attenuation and NMO stretch in estimate of max frequency)
C= 1 proportionality factor
V= 4200 Int. Vel m/s
TXmax = 45 midpoint aperature angle deg
I= 30 SR-offset (avge) angle deg
Rx = 69 Horizontal Resolution (m) => Rx=c*v / (2 * f * sin(tx)*cos(i) ) From Vermeer

SR - angle ->
Freq. Hz. 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70
10 297 298 302 307 316 328 343 363 388 420 462 518 594 703 868
20 148 149 151 154 158 164 171 181 194 210 231 259 297 351 434
30 99 99 101 102 105 109 114 121 129 140 154 173 198 234 289
40 74 75 75 77 79 82 86 91 97 105 116 129 148 176 217
50 59 60 60 61 63 66 69 73 78 84 92 104 119 141 174
60 49 50 50 51 53 55 57 60 65 70 77 86 99 117 145
70 42 43 43 44 45 47 49 52 55 60 66 74 85 100 124
80 37 37 38 38 40 41 43 45 48 53 58 65 74 88 109
90 33 33 34 34 35 36 38 40 43 47 51 58 66 78 96
100 30 30 30 31 32 33 34 36 39 42 46 52 59 70 87
125 24 24 24 25 25 26 27 29 31 34 37 41 48 56 69
150 20 20 20 20 21 22 23 24 26 28 31 35 40 47 58
175 17 17 17 18 18 19 20 21 22 24 26 30 34 40 50
200 15 15 15 15 16 16 17 18 19 21 23 26 30 35 43
225 13 13 13 14 14 15 15 16 17 19 21 23 26 31 39
250 12 12 12 12 13 13 14 15 16 17 18 21 24 28 35
300 10 10 10 10 11 11 11 12 13 14 15 17 20 23 29
400 7 7 8 8 8 8 9 9 10 11 12 13 15 18 22
Lecture 2.3
500 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 9 10 12 14 7 17
 21st Century Geophysics Level 4: Seismic
Acquisition
Fold = (Area of patch) / (4*slsp*rlsp) = aprox 0.7 * [(max off)^2 /(slsp*rlsp)]

Max offset (Red) adjustable

Fold = (Area of patch) / (4*slsp*rlsp) = aprox 0.7 * [(max off)^2 /(slsp*rlsp)]
max off = 2800 Fold
1 2800 1
2 1400 3
3 933 8
4 700 14
5 560 21
6 467 31
7 400 42
8 350 54
9 311 69
10 280 85
12 233 122
15 187 191
20 140 340
30 93 765
40 70 1360
50 56 2125
75 37 4781
100 28 8500
200 14 34000

Lecture 2.3 8
 21st Century Geophysics Level 4: Seismic
Acquisition

Lecture 2.3 9
 21st Century Geophysics Level 4: Seismic
Acquisition
Nigel Anstey: Stack Array Whatever happened to groundroll? (TLE1985)
Split spread shooting, SGI=RGI, SRC between groups

Shot gather

Offend shooting, continuous surface Offend shooting, CDP gather lacks Split spread shooting, SGI=RGI, source on
coverage in shot gather surface continuity for SGI=RGI groups, discontinuous surface coverage

x x
Tight spatial sampling via individual Offend shooting, SGI=1/2 RGI, provides Split spread shooting, SGI=RGI, source between
phones in geophone string continuous surface geophone coverage groups, -> continuous surface coverage

Lecture 2.3 1