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Unit 2

The document covers key concepts in database management, including cursors, triggers, and relational database management systems (RDBMS). Cursors are used to handle records in PL/SQL, while triggers automatically execute PL/SQL code in response to database events. It also explains the structure and purpose of databases and the various types of RDBMS available, ranging from low-end to high-end systems.

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18 views13 pages

Unit 2

The document covers key concepts in database management, including cursors, triggers, and relational database management systems (RDBMS). Cursors are used to handle records in PL/SQL, while triggers automatically execute PL/SQL code in response to database events. It also explains the structure and purpose of databases and the various types of RDBMS available, ranging from low-end to high-end systems.

Uploaded by

moumitashopping0
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Today’s Lecture Contents

Cursors
Triggers
Assertions
RDBMS
CURSORS
• A cursor is a private set of records
• An Oracle Cursor = VB recordset = JDBC
ResultSet
• Implicit cursors are created for every
query made in Oracle
• Explicit cursors can be declared by a
programmer within PL/SQL.
Cursor
Attributes
• cursorname%ROWCOUNT Rows returned so far
• cursorname%FOUND One or more rows retrieved
• cursorname%NOTFOUND No rows found
• Cursorname%ISOPEN Is the cursor open
Explicit Cursor
Control
• Declare the cursor
• Open the cursor
• Fetch a row
• Test for end of cursor
• Close the cursor

Note: there is a FOR LOOP available with an implicit fetch


Sample Cursor
Program
DECLARE
CURSOR students_cursor IS
SELECT * from
students;
v_student students_cursor
%rowtype;
/* instead we could do v_student students%rowtype */
BEGIN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE
('******************'); OPEN
students_cursor;
FETCH students_cursor into
v_student; WHILE students_cursor
%found LOOP
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE (v_student.last);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE (v_student.major);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE ('******************');
FETCH students_cursor into v_student;
Triggers
1. PL/SQL code executed automatically in response to a database
event, typically DML.
2. Like other stored procedures, triggers are stored
in the database. Often used to:
– enforce complex constraints, especially multi-table constraints. Financial posting
is an example of this.
– Trigger related actions
– implement auditing “logs”
– pop a sequence when creating token keys

3. Triggers do not issue transaction control statements (such as


commit). Triggers are part of the SQL transaction that
invoked them.
4. USER_TRIGGERS provides a data dictionary view of triggers.
Triggers Syntax
CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER <trigger_name>
[BEFORE/AFTER][DELETE/INSERT/UPDATE of <column_name |, column_name… |>
ON <table_name>
|FOR EACH ROW|
|WHEN <triggering condition>|
|DECLARE|
BEGIN
trigger
statem
ents
…………
END;

To delete a trigger use:

DROP TRIGGER <trigger_name>;


Relational Database
What’s a database?
A collection of logically-related
information stored in a consistent fashion
Phone book
Bank records (checking statements, etc)
Library card catalog
Soccer team roster
The storage format typically appears to
users as some kind of tabular list
(table, spreadsheet)
What Does a Database Do?
Stores information in a highly organized manner
Manipulates information in various ways, some of
which are not available in other applications or
are easier to accomplish with a database
Models some real world process or activity through
electronic means
Often called modeling a business process
Often replicates the process only in appearance or end
result
Databases and the Systems which
manage them
Modern electronic databases are created and managed
through means of RDBMS: Relational DataBase
Management Systems

An individual data storage structure created with an


RDBMS is typically called a “database”

A database and its attendant views, reports, and


procedures is called an “application”
Relational Database Management Systems

Low-end, proprietary, specific purpose


Email: Outlook, Eudora, Mulberry
Bibliographic: Ref. Mgr., EndNote, ProCite
Mid-level
Microsoft Access, Lotus Approach, Borland’s
Paradox
More or less total control of design allows
custom builds
High-end
Oracle, Microsoft SQL Server, Sybase, IBM DB2
Professional level DBs: Banks, e-commerce,
secure
Amazon.com, Ebay.com, Yahoo.com
QUESTIONS…..?

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