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05.Interlude Process API

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05.Interlude Process API

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bsse23018
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We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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5.

Interlude: Process API


Operating System: Three Easy Pieces
Spring 2025
Department of Computer and Software Engineering, ITU

Disclaimer: The lecture slide set used in this course is mostly unchanged
from Prof Youjip Won’s same course at Hanyang University (KOR). This slide
set is for the OSTEP book.

1
The fork() System Call

 Create a new process


 The newly-created process has its own copy of the address space,
registers, and PC.
p1.c
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>

int main(int argc, char *argv[]){


printf("hello world (pid:%d)\n", (int) getpid());
int rc = fork();
if (rc < 0) { // fork failed; exit
fprintf(stderr, "fork failed\n");
exit(1);
} else if (rc == 0) { // child (new process)
printf("hello, I am child (pid:%d)\n", (int) getpid());
} else { // parent goes down this path (main)
printf("hello, I am parent of %d (pid:%d)\n",
rc, (int) getpid());
}
return 0;
}

2
Calling fork() example (Cont.)

Result (Not deter-


ministic)
prompt> ./p1
hello world (pid:29146)
hello, I am parent of 29147 (pid:29146)
hello, I am child (pid:29147)
prompt>
or
prompt> ./p1
hello world (pid:29146)
hello, I am child (pid:29147)
hello, I am parent of 29147 (pid:29146)
prompt>

3
The wait() System Call

 This system call won’t return until the child has run and exited.
p2.c
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <sys/wait.h>

int main(int argc, char *argv[]){


printf("hello world (pid:%d)\n", (int) getpid());
int rc = fork();
if (rc < 0) { // fork failed; exit
fprintf(stderr, "fork failed\n");
exit(1);
} else if (rc == 0) { // child (new process)
printf("hello, I am child (pid:%d)\n", (int) getpid());
} else { // parent goes down this path (main)
int wc = wait(NULL);
printf("hello, I am parent of %d (wc:%d) (pid:%d)\n",
rc, wc, (int) getpid());
}
return 0;
}

4
The wait() System Call (Cont.)

Result (Determinis-
tic)
prompt> ./p2
hello world (pid:29266)
hello, I am child (pid:29267)
hello, I am parent of 29267 (wc:29267) (pid:29266)
prompt>

5
The exec() System Call

 Run a program that is different from the calling program


p3.c
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sys/wait.h>

int main(int argc, char *argv[]){


printf("hello world (pid:%d)\n", (int) getpid());
int rc = fork();
if (rc < 0) { // fork failed; exit
fprintf(stderr, "fork failed\n");
exit(1);
} else if (rc == 0) { // child (new process)
printf("hello, I am child (pid:%d)\n", (int) getpid());
char *myargs[3];
myargs[0] = strdup("wc"); // program: "wc" (word
count)
myargs[1] = strdup("p3.c"); // argument: file to count
myargs[2] = NULL; // marks end of array
…

6
The exec() System Call (Cont.)

p3.c
(Cont.)
…
execvp(myargs[0], myargs); // runs word count
printf("this shouldn’t print out");
} else { // parent goes down this path (main)
int wc = wait(NULL);
printf("hello, I am parent of %d (wc:%d) (pid:%d)\n",
rc, wc, (int) getpid());
}
return 0;
}

Result
prompt> ./p3
hello world (pid:29383)
hello, I am child (pid:29384)
29 107 1030 p3.c
hello, I am parent of 29384 (wc:29384) (pid:29383)
prompt>

7
All of the above with redirection

p4.c
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <sys/wait.h>

int
main(int argc, char *argv[]){
int rc = fork();
if (rc < 0) { // fork failed; exit
fprintf(stderr, "fork failed\n");
exit(1);
} else if (rc == 0) { // child: redirect standard output to a file
close(STDOUT_FILENO);
open("./p4.output", O_CREAT|O_WRONLY|O_TRUNC, S_IRWXU);
…

8
All of the above with redirection (Cont.)

p4.c
…
// now exec "wc"...
char *myargs[3];
myargs[0] = strdup("wc"); // program: "wc" (word count)
myargs[1] = strdup("p4.c"); // argument: file to count
myargs[2] = NULL; // marks end of array
execvp(myargs[0], myargs); // runs word count
} else { // parent goes down this path (main)
int wc = wait(NULL);
}
return 0;
}

Result
prompt> ./p4
prompt> cat p4.output
32 109 846 p4.c
prompt>

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