Multiplying and Dividing

Surds (with Simplifying)

Sarah Allott
www.drfrost.org
@DrFrostMaths

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Teacher Notes
Prerequisite
Knowledge Future Links
• Prime factor decomposition • Calculating with surds (all four
• Simplifying surds operations)
• Simplifying fractions • Expanding brackets with surds
• Multiplying and dividing surds where • Trigonometry with exact values
simplification is not required • Pythagoras’ Theorem with surds
• Squaring a surd • Rationalising the denominator in the
• Geometric sequences form
• Rationalising a denominator in the form

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Skills in this Lesson
335 Multiplying and dividing surds
335e Multiply two surds that require simplifying
335g Divide two surds that require simplifying
335h Multiply or divide surds with algebra
335i Generate a geometric sequence with a surds as common ratio

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Contents
For lessons covering many concepts, please click the below to navigate
quickly to the relevant part of the lesson.

Prerequisite knowledge check 1 (Multiplication)

Multiplying and simplifying surds

Multiplying and simplifying multiples of surds

Exercise 1 – Multiplication

Prerequisite knowledge check 2 (Division)

Dividing and simplifying surds

Dividing and simplifying multiples of surds

Exercise 2 – Division

Algebraic surds

Geometric sequences

Exercise 3 – Mixed Exercise

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 Show

Prerequisite Knowledge Check all

solutio
ns

1 Simplify the following surds.

a ? b ?

c ? d ?

2 Calculate the following, giving your answers in the simplest

form where appropriate.

a ? f ?

b ? g ?

c ? h ?

d ? i ?

i ?
e ?
Recap: Multiplying Surds
We multiply any surds by Test Your
multiplying the radicands. Understanding
√ √
𝑎× 𝑏= 𝑎𝑏√
¿ √ 3 ×5
¿ √ 𝟏𝟓 a √ 7 × √3= √𝟐𝟏
?

We can evaluate these surds

before multiplying them. b ?
¿3×2
¿𝟔
Or we can multiply the surds c √ 15 × √7= √𝟏𝟎𝟓
?
first and then evaluate the
answer.
¿√9 × 4
d ?
¿ √ 𝟑𝟔=𝟔
We reached the same answer even
though we evaluated the surds used in
different places.
Recap: Simplifying Surds
Simplify Test Your
Understanding
¿ √ 25 × 2 a Write in its simplest form.

Decompose the radicand into a

multiplication with the biggest square
factor. ?
¿ √ 25 × √ 2
¿ 5 × √2
b Simplify
Split the surd (using reverse
multiplication) and then find any roots
you can.
¿𝟓√𝟐
Multiply everything
?
together.

It can be difficult to find the

biggest square factor. Let’s look
at an alternative method.
Recap: Simplifying Surds
Write in the form Test Your
a Understanding
Write in its simplest form.

Find the prime factor decomposition of

the radicand.
b
Simplify

Make any
?
factor pairs
you can.
The Big Idea: Multiplication and
Simplification
Basma is frustrated that she lost this mark on a recent
examination. She’s convinced she got the answer right.

Simplify (2 marks)

Basma

Partially correct
(1/2)

Why has Basma lost one What is the correct

mark? answer?
She has correctly multiplied the two
?
surds together but must now
simplify . ?
The Big Idea: Multiplication and
Simplification
When we’re calculating with surds, it’s important to remember to
check if your answer simplifies (just like you would with fractions!)

a b

How am I supposed to
know that is the largest
square factor of ?
Don’t forget… you can
do the prime factor
Oh yes! decomposition to
factorise any trickier
Hannah √ 126=√ 2 × √ 63 numbers.
¿ √2 ×√7 × √9 Mrs Clark
¿ √2 ×√7 × √3 ×√3
The Big Idea: Multiplication and
Simplification
Hannah has tried to calculate but has gone wrong. What is her
mistake?
My calculator says the
answer is . What have I
done?

I should check if the surd in

my answer can be simplified
Hannah any further.

Decompose the surd into integer and surd

parts

Simplify the surd

Multiply the two parts back together
again
You didn’t take out the largest square
factor here. Don’t worry – there’s a How could Hannah
way to go from your answer to the spot this mistake
correct answer! in the future?
Mrs Clark
Method Comparison

a b

Which method do you prefer?

Why?
I’ve seen
Then another
multiply
Method A is quicker. However, …before
Then makemultiplying
method.
together thefactor
What if I use
surds
you’re more likely to make the everything
pairs
thelike
and
together
we did
prime
integers
mistakes. at before.
the end!
factorisations
separately… first?
?
Method B takes more time, but Nathan
it’s easier to be more accurate,
especially if you can’t find the
Quickfire Questions drfrost.org/ 335a
s/

Calculate the following, giving your answers in their simplest

form.
a
√ 10 × √ 5 b
√ 3 × √ 15

? ?

c
√ 30 × √ 15 d
√ 15 × √ 2
?
? Cannot be simplified.
Recap: Multiplying Multiples of Surds
Calculate Test Your
Understanding
a Calculate

Decompose the surds into

integer and surd parts.
?

Multiply any integers together.

Multiply any surds together. b Calculate

?
Multiply these two
terms together.
Recap: Multiplying Multiples of Surds
Calculate Test Your
Understanding
a Calculate

Decompose the surds into

integer and surd parts.
?

Optional: Commute the terms so

that integers and surds are together.
b Calculate

Multiply any integers together.

Multiply any surds together.
?

Multiply these two

terms together.
The Big Idea: Multiplying and Simplifying
Multiples of Surds
Two students are calculating . Who is correct?

Hannah Imani
Why is Hannah
correct?
Hannah has fully
simplified their
answer.
?
4 5 √5 15 √ 45
Imani needs to
simplify her surd.
The Big Idea: Multiplying and Simplifying
Multiples of Surds
Imani
How could Imani have
spotted that she Can you help me fix
hadn’t simplified her my answer please?
surd?
By checking square
factors or using the
?
prime factor
15 √ 45
decomposition and
looking for pairs.
Imani has found the prime
factor decomposition of
What is the next line of
working out?

What should Imani do next?

What is the fully simplified

answer?
Example Test Your
Understanding
Calculate , giving your answer Calculate , giving your answer
in its simplest form. in its simplest form.

?
Decompose the surds into the integer
parts and the surd parts.

?
Multiply any integers
together. Multiply any
surds together.
?

Simplify any surds that need simplifying.

?
drfrost.org/ 335e
s/
Quickfire Questions drfrost.org/ 335e
s/

Calculate the following, giving your answers in their simplest

form.
a 3 √ 3 × 2 √5 b 3 √ 6 × 2 √5

?
?

c 3 √ 6 × 2 √ 30 d 7 √ 10 × 4 √ 5 × 8 √ 2

?
?
Method Comparison
Hannah and Logan have both correctly calculated
but they’ve used different methods.

Explain the two methods. What are

Hannah Logan
the similarities and differences?
This time, Hannah has multiplied the surds together first and
? has simplified into and then
then simplified. Whereas Logan
multiplied.
Which method do you prefer?
Why?Hannah’s method is very
Logan’s method is often
? similar to the standard
easier as it’s easier to
multiplication method, so it’s
simplify smaller surds.
Example Test Your
Understanding
Use Logan’s method to simplify Calculate , giving your answer
in its simplest form.

?
Decompose the surds into the integer ?
parts and the surd parts.

?
Simplify any surds that can be
simplified.
?

?
[Optional] Decompose these new
surds.

Multiply any integers

together. Multiply any
surds together.
drfrost.org/ 335e
s/
Test Your Understanding
Simplify

Both surds in the question can

be simplified.

Multiply any surds.

Multiply any integers.
Check! Can anything else be
simplified?
Spot the Mistake
What mistake has Abdi made
Abdi How can I correct when calculating ?
my answer without
starting again? He hasn’t fully simplified his
answer. can ?be simplified.

4 5 √ 20

What is the correct

answer?
Simplify
9 0? √ 5
Multiply the
integers together.
 Show
(Available as a separate
Exercise 1 worksheet)
all
solutio
ns

1 Fill in the gaps in the working out:

a b

? ? ?

? ? ?

? ? ? Hint: use part (a)

? ? ?

2 Calculate the following, giving your answers in their simplest

forms.
a b c d

? ?
 Show
(Available as a separate
Exercise 1 worksheet)
all
solutio
ns

3 Find the area of the shapes below. Give your answers in their simplest
forms.
a b

3 √ 12 √8
4 √ 18
4 √ 15
 Show

Prerequisite Knowledge Check all

solutio
ns

1 Calculate the 2 Fill in the blanks

following: below.
a ?

b ? a ?

c ? b ?

d ? c ?

d ?
e ?

3 Write the following fractions in their simplest

form.
120 ? 𝟏𝟐b 14 ? 𝟐 7c 2 𝟑
a = = =?
130 𝟏𝟑 35 𝟓 96 𝟒
 Show

Prerequisite Knowledge Check all

solutio
ns

4 Match a division to the correct fraction. Fill in the blanks as

needed.
6÷7 1 • • a
3
10

12÷15 2 b
6
7

4
𝟑 ÷ 𝟏𝟎 3 • • c 3

16÷ 12 4 • • d
𝟏𝟖 𝟗
≡
𝟏𝟒 𝟕

18÷ 14 5 • • e
4
5
Recap: Dividing Surds
We divide any surds by dividing Test Your
the radicands. Understanding
√ √
𝑎÷ 𝑏= 𝑎 ÷ 𝑏 √
¿ √ 30 ÷ 5
¿√𝟔 a ?

We can evaluate these surds

before multiplying them. b √ 70 ÷ √ 5=√ 𝟏𝟒?
¿6÷3
¿𝟐
Or we can divide the surds first c √ 32 ÷ √ 8=√ 𝟒=𝟐
?
and then evaluate the answer.

¿ √ 36 ÷ 9
?
¿ √ 𝟒=𝟐
d

We reached the same answer even Write the radicand in the

though we evaluated the surds used in quotient as a fraction
different places. when the division is not
The Big Idea: Division and Simplification
Maria is trying to calculate writing her answer in the form . What
steps has she taken?
Remember:
divisions can
be written as
fractions.

Now simplify
your answer
as you
would Cancel common
normally. factors from the
numerator and
denominator.
Multiply any factor pairs
together to make I did it a different way! I
integers. simplified the numerator
I did the division using the prime factor
and then decomposition and then
divided afterwards.
simplified the .
Abdi
Maria
The Big Idea: Division and Simplification
Maria is trying to calculate writing her answer in the form . What
steps has she taken?

Which method
do you prefer?

What is the
This method is same? What is
often faster, but different?
it can be tricky This method is more
to simplify the long-winded, but it is
surd once you’ve easier to simplify.
divided However, there are
some cases where it
doesn’t always work
as easily.
Quickfire Questions drfrost.org/ 335g
s/

Use either method to calculate the following, giving your

answer in its simplest form:

a
√ 160 ÷ √ 20 b
√ 160 ÷ √ 2
√ 8=𝟐
? √𝟐 √ 80=𝟒
? √𝟓

c
√ 300 ÷ √ 25 d
√ 300 ÷ √ 3
√ 12=? 𝟐 √ 𝟑 √ 100?=𝟏𝟎
Recap: Dividing Multiples of Surds
When dividing multiples of
surds, we can decompose the Test Your
division to make it easier. Understanding
a ?
10 √ 24
¿
5√8
Write the division as a
b 9 √ 33 ÷ 3 √ 11=𝟑 √ 𝟑?
fraction.
Optional: 10 × √ 24
Decompose the ¿
terms into integer 5 ×√8 c
and surd parts.
?

Divide the integers 10 √ 24

¿ ×
and divide the
surds.
5 √8 d ?
Simplify or
calculate
each ¿𝟐√𝟑
multiplicand. Leave this as a fraction in front of
the surd if the division is not
Recap: Dividing Multiples of Surds
When dividing multiples of
surds, we can decompose the Test Your
division to make it easier. Understanding
a

¿ √
6 15 ?

√3
Write the division as a
fraction. b
Optional: 6 × √ 15 ?
Decompose the ¿
terms into integer
and surd parts.
√3
Since has no co- c
efficient, we can 6 √ 15
¿ ×
imagine there is a
(just like in algebra
1 √3 ?
where )
This time, doesn’t have
the co-efficient so the
Simplify or
¿𝟔√𝟓
is on the numerator.
calculate
each
multiplicand.
The Big Idea: Dividing and Simplifying Multiples of
Surds
Imani, Nathan and Logan are simplifying . What is the same about their
methods, and what is different? Which method do you prefer?

I used the prime

factor
decompositions and I wrote the
then cancelled like terms as single
fractions.
I divided the surds and then
integers and then divided those. I
Imani simplified at
divided the surds. Logan
I simplified at the the end.
end.
Nathan
Quickfire Questions drfrost.org/ 335g
s/

Use any of the methods to calculate the following, giving

your answer in the form :

a 6 √ 24 ÷ 2 √ 3 b 1 5 √ 54 ÷ 3 √ 2

? ?

c 1 4 √ 198 d 5 √ 144 ÷ 2 √ 6
2 √2
5
7 √ 99=𝟐𝟏
? √ 𝟏𝟏
2
√ 24=𝟓
? √𝟔
Another Method
Maria is calculating . How is this method different to
the method we have been using
so far?
Maria simplified first. This
meant that she? didn’t have to
simplify at the end.
Divide the integers.
Divide the surds.

Which method do you prefer?

Either method is fine.

The original method is a little

I noticed that easier to do, but it can be
?
tricky if the numbers are large.
could be
simplified to . Maria’s method is harder for
the first step but is easier at
Maria the end.
Example Test Your
Understanding
Calculate , giving your answer Calculate , giving your answer
in its simplest form. in its simplest form.
4 √ 54
¿ 3 √ 120
8 √3 ¿ ?
15 √ 6
Decompose the surds 4 √ 54 1 ?√ 120
into the integer parts ¿ × ¿ ×
and the surd parts. 8 √3 5 √6
1 1
Divide the integers. ¿ × √ 18 ¿ ×?√ 20
Divide the surds. 2 5
1
1 ¿ ×?2 √ 5
Simplify any surds (if ¿ × 3 √2 5
applicable). 2
𝟐 √𝟓
𝟑 √𝟐 ¿
1
×3 √ 2 ≡ × √ ≡ √ ¿
1 3 2 3 2 𝟓?
2 2 1 2 𝟐
Example Test Your
Understanding
Calculate , giving your answer Calculate , giving your answer
in its simplest form. in its simplest form.

10 √ 22 9 √ 24
¿ ¿ ?
15 √ 11 15 √ 3
10 √ 22 9 ? √ 24
¿ × ¿ ×
15 √ 11 15 √3
3
2 ¿ ×? √ 8
Simplify each of the ¿ × √2 5
fractions. 3
3
¿ ×?2 √ 2
2
× √ 2≡ × √ ≡ √ ¿
2 2 2 2 𝟐 √𝟐 5
3 3 1 3 𝟑 𝟔 √𝟐
¿
𝟓?
Test Your Understanding
Calculate , giving your answer in its simplest form.

15 √ 135
¿ ?
18 √ 5
15 √ 135 Decompose the surds into the
¿ ×?
18 √5 integer parts and the surd
parts.
5
¿ ×?√ 27 Divide the
6 integers.
Divide the surds.
5
? √3
Simplify any surds
¿ ×3
6 (if applicable).

15 √ 3 5 3 √ 3 15 √ 3
¿ × =
6? 6 1 6

𝟓 √𝟐 and have a
¿
𝟐? common factor of .
A Note on Fractional Surds
Fractions like the ones we’ve looked at here (with an irrational
numerator) are mathematically sound.

𝟓 √𝟐 𝟐 √𝟕 𝟑 √𝟑 𝟔 √𝟐 √𝟓
𝟐 𝟗 𝟕 𝟓 𝟏𝟎
However, fractions with a surd in the denominator are not
generally permitted in mathematics as it makes other
calculations, such as addition and subtraction, more difficult.
𝟑 𝟖 √𝟐
√𝟑 √𝟓
1 1
+ is difficult, even with advanced mathematics.
√2 √3
√ 2 + √ 3(the same question in a different form) can be
2 3 done
with equivalent fractions.
Rational Denominators
Abdi is calculating

Write the division as a

fraction.

Divide the integer parts, then divide the surd parts.

The surd division is a little trickier this time!
I did this working out,
then tried to check
Cancel the factor of from using my calculator. It
the numerator and says the answer is .
denominator:
Where have I gone
wrong?

Abdi
Rational Denominators
Abdi is calculating Believe it or not, these answers
are equivalent – look at my
calculator!

Mrs Clark

Generally, mathematicians
prefer denominators to be
rational.
We use a method called
rationalising the I did this working out,
denominator then tried to check
to convert from to .
We’ll cover this in a future using my calculator. It
lesson. says the answer is .
Where have I gone
wrong?

Abdi
Example
Calculate. Give your answer in the form , where and are
integers, and is as small as possible.

Evaluate the calculations on the

? Hint 1
numerator and denominator separately.

×√
24 60
? Hint 2
12 √5
? Simplify the . Hint 3

?
Test Your Understanding
[WJEC GCSE Autumn 2018 H1 Q15bii]

Calculate . Give your answer in the form , where and are

integers, and is as small as possible.

¿ √ 120 Evaluate the calculations on the

√3 numerator and denominator separately.

¿ √ 40 Remember: a fraction can be treated as a

division.

¿ √ 4 × √ 10 Simplify as required.

¿ 2 × √ 10
¿ 𝟐 √ 𝟏𝟎
 Show
(Available as a separate
Exercise 2 worksheet)
all
solutio
ns

1 Fill in the gaps in the working out:

a b
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?

2 Calculate the following, giving your answers in their simplest

forms.
a b c d

?
? ? ?
 Show
(Available as a separate
Exercise 2 worksheet)
all
solutio
ns

N a Write in the form

2 √ 8 ×3 √ 20 2 ×3 × √ 2× √ 2× √ 2 × √ 2 × √ 2 × √ 5
= Hint
( 2 √3 )
2
2 ×2 × √ 3× √ 3
2 ×3 ×2 × 2× √ 2× √ 5 24 √ 10
¿ = =𝟐 √ 𝟏𝟎
By writing your answer12
to part a in the form
12 show that
,
b

Since , then

Hence, and .
Draw the relative position of on the number line shown.

c Answer

6 7

√ 40
Recap: Geometric Sequences
A geometric sequence moves from term-to-term by multiplying or
dividing by the same number.
A sequence starts with:
... The term-to-term rule is ‘multiply by ’
?
The next 3 terms are:
Work out the next 3 terms.

A sequence starts with:

... The term-to-term rule is ‘divide by ’
?
The next 2 terms are:
Work out the next 2 terms.

A sequence starts with:

The term-to-term rule is ‘multiply by ’
...
The next 8th term is?
(use your calculator to find this quickly)
Find the 8th term.

A geometric sequence is
given by: The term-to-term rule
... ? is ‘divide by ’
The missing term is: .
Find in the gap in the
sequence.
or
The is for two jumps, so square root to find the term-to-term
rule.
The Big Idea: Geometric Sequences with
Surds
We can also have geometric sequences where the terms, or the term-to-
term rule involves a surd.
Find the next two terms of the following geometric
sequence:

How might we work out I know that , so the

the term-to-term rule? rule must be
‘multiply by ’.
Great! So, what are the
next two terms?
Mrs Clark Maria
I used my calculator and
found out what was.

Nathan
The Big Idea: Geometric Sequences with
Surds
We can also have geometric sequences where the terms, or the term-to-
term rule involves a surd.
Find the next two terms of the following geometric
sequence:

You must give your

answers as surds (also
known as exact values).
Do questions like this by
Great! So,hand.
what are the
next two terms?
Mrs Clark Maria
I tried to do this on the
calculator, but it gave
Fifth term:
me the sixth term as a
decimal!

Nathan
Sixth term:
Example Test Your
Find the next term in the geometric
Understanding
Find the fifth term in the geometric
sequence: sequence:

So, the term-to-term rule must

be ‘multiply by ’.
?
It’s always best to check this
with another pair of terms.
(fourth ?term)

4 √3 2
27 √15 × √ 3=81 √5 3
÷ 2 √ 3= ?
3

The fifth? term is

The next term is
Deeper Thinking
a Find the next two terms in this b Find the next two terms in
geometric sequence: this geometric sequence:

𝟐𝟓𝟐, 𝟐𝟓𝟐
? √𝟔 𝟐 √𝟑 𝟐
? ,
𝟗 𝟗

c d
Fil in the gaps in the sequence below (in simplest form ):
4 √ 5,𝟏𝟐 √?𝟏𝟎,72 √ 5,216 √ 10,𝟏𝟐𝟗𝟔
? √ 𝟓…

𝟓𝟒?√ 𝟔
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1 Calculate the following, giving your answers in the simplest form:

a b c d

? ? ? ?
e f g h

? ? ? ?

i j k l

? ? ? ?

m n o p

? ? ? ?
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2 Calculate . Give your answer in the form , where and are integers,
and is as small as possible.

𝟔 √𝟐𝟕× 𝟏𝟐 √ 𝟐 𝟕𝟐 √𝟓𝟒
= =𝟒 √𝟏𝟖=𝟒×
? 𝟑 √𝟐=𝟏𝟐 √𝟐 𝒂=𝟏𝟐, 𝒃=𝟐
( 𝟑 √ 𝟐 ) × √ 𝟑 𝟏𝟖 √𝟑
𝟐

3 Here are three shapes. Which has the largest area? The shapes are
not drawn to scale.

√5 4 √5

2 √3 √7 √ 10
Area = units
? 2 Area =? Area = units
? 2

? The triangle is the largest

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4 [OCR C1 June 2013 Q1i]

Express the following in the form , where is an integer.

5 Calculate the following, giving your answer in the simplest form where
appropriate:

a b c

? ? ?

d e
? ?
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6 [OCR GCSE(9-1) Practice set 1 5H Q14a]

Here is a sequence.

Work out the next term. This is clear from term 1 to term 2 and
term 3 to term 4, but it is worth
checking our theory with term 2 to
Hint
The term-to-term rule is ‘multiply by ’ term 3!

Hence, the next term

? is

N and are the first and second terms of a geometric sequence. Write
the ratio of the second term to the fifth term in its simplest form.

and . So, the term-to-term rule is ‘multiply by 2’.

The fifth term is (or ).

The ratio is