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Lecture 8

The document provides an overview of functions in programming, including optional parameters, Boolean functions, and recursion. It discusses string data types, string traversal, indexing, and slicing, along with examples of how to manipulate strings. Additionally, it highlights common errors such as 'IndexError' when accessing string indices out of range.

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naodmelaku.1968
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4 views31 pages

Lecture 8

The document provides an overview of functions in programming, including optional parameters, Boolean functions, and recursion. It discusses string data types, string traversal, indexing, and slicing, along with examples of how to manipulate strings. Additionally, it highlights common errors such as 'IndexError' when accessing string indices out of range.

Uploaded by

naodmelaku.1968
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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FUNCTIONS

OPTIONAL PARAMETERS
def func_name(par1, par2 = 5):

return par1 + par2

>>> func_name(4,9)
>>> func_name(3)
REVIEW: FUNCTION
CALLING:

Positional

Keyword arguments
REVIEW: BOOLEAN
FUNCTIONS
Functions that return Boolean
values

def is_divisible_by_2(num):
return (num % 2 == 0)
REVIEW: DEBUGGING IN
FUNCTIONS
▪ Preconditions

▪ Postconditions
UNKNOWN NUMBER OF
PARAMETERS
def add(*params):
total = 0
for i in params:
total += I
return total

>>> add(1,2,4)
>>> add(1,2,3,5,4,3)
RECURSION

A technique that solves problem


by solving smaller versions of the
same problem!
RECURSION

When you turn this into a program,


you end up with functions that call
themselves (i.e., recursive functions)
FACTORIAL

n! = n*(n-1)!

f(n) = n * f(n-1)
FACTORIAL
RECURSION PARTS

1. Base case

2. Recursive Call
FIBONACCI SEQUENCE

0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13…
FIBONACCI SEQUENCE

f(n) = f(n-1) + f(n-2)


where f(0) = 1
f(1) = 1
INFINITE RECURSION
STRINGS
STRING DATA-TYPE
▪A string is a sequence of characters

▪A string literal uses quotes 'Hello' or “Hello”

▪For strings, + means “concatenate”

▪When a string contains numbers, it is still a

string
TRAVERSING
Computations on string start at the
beginning, select each character in turn, do
something to it, and continue until the end.
This pattern of processing is called a

traversal.
TRAVERSAL: FOR LOOP
for letter in
'banana' : b a n a n a
print(letter)

The iteration variable “iterates” though the string


and the block (body) of code is executed once for
each value in the sequence
LOOKING INSIDE STRINGS

b a n a n a
We can get at any
single character in 0 1 2 3 4 5
a string using an
index specified in
>>> fruit =
square brackets
'banana‘
>>> print(fruit[1])
INDEXING OPERATOR
The expression in >>> fruit =
brackets is called an 'banana'
index
>>> letter = fruit[1]
>>> print(letter)
The index value must
be an integer and a
starts at zero >>> n = 3
>>> w = fruit[n - 1]
INDEXING OPERATOR

b a n a n a
0 1 2 3 4 5
>>> print(fruit[-1])
LENGTH OF A STRING
▪The len function, when applied to a
string, returns the number of characters
in a string

>>> fruit = "banana"


>>> len(fruit)
6
TRAVERSAL: WHILE LOOP
fruit = ‘banana’

ctr = 0
ctr <
while ( ):
len(fruit)
fruit[ctr
print( ):
]
ctr+=1
SLICING STRINGS

▪A substring of a string is obtained by


taking a slice.

▪Need to get continuous section of a


string using a colon operator.
SLICING
M o n t y P y t h o n
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

>>> s = 'Monty Python'


>>> print(s[0:2]) print(s[:2])
Mo
SLICING
M o n t y P y t h o n
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
>>> print s[8:]
thon
>>> print s[:]
Monty Python
A CHARACTER TOO FAR
>>> zot = 'abc'
>>> print(zot[5])

Traceback (most recent call last):


File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
IndexError: string index out of range
A CHARACTER TOO FAR
>>> zot = 'abc'
>>> print(zot[len(zot)])

Traceback (most recent call last):


File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
IndexError: string index out of range

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