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CH 5

The document provides an overview of two and three-dimensional problems in structural analysis, detailing the components of stress and strain, as well as the types of elements used in finite element analysis (FEA). It discusses various element types, including triangular and rectangular elements, and emphasizes the importance of shape functions in determining the behavior of structures. Additionally, it outlines the transformation of loads and best practices for selecting and connecting elements in FEA models.

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Wudu Mulat Ahmed
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9 views24 pages

CH 5

The document provides an overview of two and three-dimensional problems in structural analysis, detailing the components of stress and strain, as well as the types of elements used in finite element analysis (FEA). It discusses various element types, including triangular and rectangular elements, and emphasizes the importance of shape functions in determining the behavior of structures. Additionally, it outlines the transformation of loads and best practices for selecting and connecting elements in FEA models.

Uploaded by

Wudu Mulat Ahmed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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5.

Overview of Two And Three


Dimensional Problems
Review of the Basic Theory

In general the stresses and strain in a structure


consist of six components
x , y , z , xy , yz , zx for stresses
And
x ,  y ,  z , xy ,  yz ,  zx for strains
STRAIN DISPLACEMENT EQUATIONS

(*)
LINEAR CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS
Generalized Hooke’s Law Orthotropic Materials

Isotropic
Material
Plane stress problems z = yz = zx = 0 (z  0)

Plane strain problems z = yz = zx = 0 (z  0)


Axi-Symmetric Problems
Two dimensional elements
 We need two dimensional elements to solve two
dimensional problems.
Common two dimensional problems in stress analysis
are plane stress, plane strain and plate problems.

Three noded triangular element(Constant Strain Triangles


(CST) or Linear Displacement Triangles)
Six noded triangular element(Linear Strain Triangle
(LST) or as Quadratic Displacement Triangle) and Ten
noded triangular element( Quadratic Strain Triangles
(QST) or Cubic Displacement Triangle).
Cubic Strain Triangles and Quartic Strain Triangles.

Fig.(a) Cubic Strain Triangle (15 noded) (b) Quartic


Strain Triangle (21 noded)
Four noded rectangular element

Lagrange family
rectangular elements

Serendipity family
rectangular elements
Quadrilateral Elements

Quadrilateral element Quadrilateral element generated using


triangular element

Curved two dimensional


elements
Three Dimensional Elements

Fig. (a) Tetrahedron element (b) Rectangular prism (brick) element


(c) Arbitrary hexahedron element (d)Three dimensional quadratic
element
A General Formula for the Stiffness Matrix
Displacements at any point are interpolated from
nodal displacements using shape functions N as,
U = Nd
Where N is the shape function matrix, u the
displacement vector and d the nodal displacement
vector. Here we have assumed that u depends on
the nodal values of u only.
For strain displacement relation, the strain vector
is,
 = Du = DNd, or  = Bd
Where B = DN is the strain-displacement matrix.
The general formula for the element stiffness matrix,

k B EBdv
T

V
Note that unlike the 1-D cases, E here is a matrix
which is given by the stress-strain relation.
 The stiffness matrix k is symmetric since E is
symmetric. Also note that given the material
property, the behavior k depends on the B matrix
only, which in turn on the shape function.
 Thus, the quality of finite elements in representing
the behavior of a structure is entirely determined by
the choice of shape functions.
EXAMPLES OF SHAPE FUNCTIONS

1. Two noded bar/truss element


2. Two Noded Beam Element
3. Constant strain triangle
4. Four Noded Rectangular Elements
5. Quadratic Rectangular Element
6. Hexahedral Element
Transformation of Loads

 Concentrated load (point forces), surface traction


(pressure loads) and body force (weight) are the
main types of loads applied to a structure.

Both traction and body forces need to be


converted to nodal forces in the FEA, since they
cannot be applied to the FE model directly. The
conversions of these loads are based on the
equivalent-work concept.
IN FEM;
 Choose the right type of elements for a given
problem: When in doubt, use higher order
elements or a finer mesh.
 Avoid elements with large aspect ratios and corner
angles:
Aspect ratio = Lmax / Lmin
where Lmax and Lmin are the largest and smallest
characteristic lengths of an element, respectively.
Elements with good Shapes

 Connect the elements properly:


Don’t leave unintended gaps or free elements in FE
models.

Improper connections (gaps along AB and CD)


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