DATA COMMUNICATION

AND
COMPUTER NETWORKS
Presented by ATIFU SEBIT SULAIMAN to
S.6 Class 2024
(NYARILO SS)

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 DATA COMMUNICATION

This is the process of transmitting data signals from

one point to another via a transmission media.

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 Elements of Data
Communication
1. Sender (Sending device): This initiates the transmission of data and instructions.
2. Receiver (Receiving device): this is a device that accepts the incoming signals.
3. Transmission media: channel through which data is sent from the sending to the receiving
device.
4. Message/data signal: It is the information to be communicated. Popular forms of information
include text, pictures, audio, video etc.
5. Protocol: a set of rules that govern the transmission of data on a network. Examples of
protocols include:

IP – Internet Protocol,
 TCP – Transmission Control Protocol,
 FTP-File Transfer Protocol,
 HTTP-Hyper Text Transfer Protocol,
 SMTP-Simple Mail Transfer Protocol.
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 Con’t…
 Communication device/signal converter. This is a device that converts the data or

instructions from the sending device into signal that can be carried by a transmission medium to

the receiver .e.g. MODEM

Common terms:

 Bandwidth: is the data carrying capacity of a transmission medium.

 Data communication Tools: are devices that enable users to send and receive messages.
 Signal attenuation: Is the loss in signals as it moves along a transmission medium
Causes of signal attenuation
 Long distance between receiving and sending devices
 Bad weather
 Electromagnetic interference
 Poor
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 Types of data communication
tools
These are devices that enables users to send and receive messages
1. Manual data communication tool: Are devices that don’t use
electricity e.g.
 whistles,
 messengers,
 manual bells,
 manual drums etc.

2. Electronic data communication tools: They use electric power e.g.

 computers,
 mobile phones,
 internet,
 radio and
 television.

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 Services offered by data
communication tools
 Email
 Skype
 Newsgroup
 Instant messaging
 Chat rooms
 Social media
 VoIP
 E-commerce

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 Transmission mode

Synchronous transmission
Synchronous transmission is a mode of transmission where data is transferred in

a block of bits at a time without a start and stop. (continuous stream)

It is a more efficient mode of transfer used mainly to transfer large quantities of

data e.g. contents in disk already assembled.

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Asynchronous transmission
Asynchronous transmission is where data is transmitted one character at a time, where each
character is five to eight bits in length.
The most common transfer rates in these are between 1200 & 19200 bits per
second. This is used mainly to transfer medium quantities of data over a long
distances.

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 Transmission direction

Simplex transmission
Simplex transmission: Where by data can travel in only one direction at all times.

These systems are often employed in broadcast networks, where the receivers do not need to send

any data back to the transmitter/broadcaster. e.g. radio stations and TV

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half-duplex
A half-duplex system allows communication in both directions, but only one direction at a time

(not simultaneously). Any radio system where you must use "Over" to indicate the end of

transmission, or any other procedure to ensure that only one party broadcasts at a time would be a

half-duplex.
 Fax machines; police radios calls, credit card verification systems and automatic teller machines

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Full-duplex
A full-duplex system allows communication in both directions, and unlike half-duplex allows this

to happen simultaneously.

Most telephone networks are full duplex as they allow both callers to speak at the same time.

A good analogy for a full-duplex system would be a two lane road with one lane for each

direction. Example: Telephone, Mobile Phone, etc.

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 Data Transmission Media
 Is a channel through which data signals are sent from one device to another.

TRANSMISSION

MEDIA

Physical Wireless

transmission transmission

media media

Twisted pair Fibre Optic

Coaxial Cable Radio waves Microwaves Infrared
Cable Cable

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 Types of transmission media

1. Physical/wired/guided/bounded transmission media

2. Wireless/unbound/unguided media transmission media

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 Physical Transmission Media

 This provides a physical channel through which data signals are sent from
one device to another.
 Examples include:
 twisted pair cables,
 coaxial cables
 fiber optic cables.

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 Twisted Pair Cable
 It consists of insulated copper wires arranged in a regular spiral pattern. The
2 wires are twisted together to reduce electromagnetic interferences. They
are less expensive and most widely used physical transmissions medium.

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Advantages
 It is easy and convenient to install
 It is cheap and readily available
 It is light, thus not bulky
 It can transmit both analog and digital
Disadvantages
 It suffers high attenuation
 It is easily affected by EMR
 It can be easily tapped
 It has a low data transmission speed

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 Coaxial Cable

 This consists of a thin copper wire which is surrounded by at least 3 layers of insulation. The thin
copper wire in the middle transports data signals from the sending device to the receiving device.

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Advantages
 It is very stable even when under high loads
 It has a large bandwidth
 It is more resistant to EMR interference
 It is widely used for television systems because it can carry
multimedia data.

Disadvantages
 It is hard to install since its bulky
 It is expensive to buy
 It is affected by attenuation

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 Fiber Optic Cables

This cable uses light to transmit data from one point to another n the network

They transfer data at very high speed ie speed of light

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 Advantages
 They transfer data at very high speeds i.e. at the speed of light (3.0x10 8 m/s)

 They have lower signal attenuation hence carry data signals over much longer
distances.

 They cannot be tapped hence better data security

 Because of their small size and light weight, they are easy to work with

 They are immune to corrosion

 They are immune to EMR interference.

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 Disadvantages

 Installation is difficult because they are delicate in nature

 They are relatively expensive to buy

 A broken cable is difficult and expensive to repair

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Advantages of Using Physical Transmission Media

 They support higher bandwidth i.e. high transmission speeds

 They can carry voice, text and video signals simultaneously

 They are more resistant to EMR interference

 They are relatively cheap to acquire and install

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 Disadvantages of Using Physical
Transmission Media
 Installation is difficult since cables must be carefully handled

 Wired networks are relatively complex to expand

 Wired networks cover a short distance

 Inconvenience due to inflexibility of restrictive cables.

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Wireless Transmission Media

 This is transmission media used to transmit signals from one device

to another through air waves (without physical connections)

Examples of wireless transmission media include;

 radio waves
 microwaves and
 infrared.

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 Radio waves
Radio wave is a wireless transmission medium that carries data via radio frequency signals.

Wireless LANs in a home or business are one type of radio technology.

Radio signals can be long range (between cities or regions) and short range (within a building).

Radio signals are susceptible to noise and electrical interference.

Radio waves

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 Microwaves
Microwaves are high-frequency radio waves.
Much of long-distance telephone service is carried by microwaves.
Microwaves travel in a straight line.
Microwave relay stations are built about 30 miles apart.
Microwaves

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 Infrared
Infrared is a wireless transmission medium that carries data via light beams.
Transmitter and receiver must be in line of sight.
An IrDa port is needed to use infrared with a computer

Infrared

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 Satellite

Similar to terrestrial microwave except the signal travels from a ground station on earth to a satellite and
back to another ground station.

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 What are the Parts of a Satellite?

 Radios to talk to people on earth,

 Rockets to move the satellite in space,
 Batteries to supply energy,
 Computers to control the satellite, and
 Cameras to take pictures from space.

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Bluetooth technology

uses short range radio waves to transmit data between two Bluetooth devices. Or

Is a short-range radio technology that enables people to use hand held communication devices such as cell

phones, personal digital assistance (PDA) to transfer data

Wireless fidelity (wi-fi)

Is used to create a hotspot from where information signals can be easily accessed by wi-fi which enables

devices forming a wireless local area network

Hot spot

Is a region or a point where internet signals are strongest and can be shared by device

WiMAX: WiMAX
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Advantages of Using Wireless Transmission Media

 Communication is flexible since devices can be moved around without losing access to the
network

 The network can cover a relatively large geographical area hence facilitates easy communication

 More devices can be connected to the network easily

 It is cheaper to configure since it doesn’t require cables

 It can be easily installed in remote and rugged places at a low cost

 The office/lab space is more organized and easier to clean

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Disadvantages of Using Wireless
Transmission Media
 The initial cost of acquisition and installation is relatively high

 Communication is easily interfered by EMR from the Sun/lightning

 Signal attenuation is relatively high

 The data transmission speed is generally low

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Factors to consider when choosing a communication/transmission media

 Speed of data transmission

 Cost of media

 Installation cost

 Data security

 Company/country policy

 Availability in the market

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 COMPUTER NETWORKS
 A computer network is an interconnection of computers linked together using a transmission
medium for the purpose of communication and resource sharing.
 Networking refers to the process of connecting 2 or more computers and related devices
for the purpose of communication and resource sharing.
Some of the shared resources include:
 Printers
 storage media
 networked software
 internet connectivity
 files and folders
 CPU.

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Requirements for Setting up a
Computer Network
1. Computers.
 Switch/hub.
 Network Interface Card (NIC).
 Communication software. e.g. NOS, web browsers.
 Transmission media. e.g. Ethernet cables.
 Modem
 Router
 Bridge
 Repeater
 Gateway
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 Con’t.

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 Con’t.

NIC(National interface card):

NIC is a device that helps the computer to communicate with another device.

Switches:

Switch is a networking device that groups all the devices over the network to transfer the data to

another device. A switch is better than Hub as it does not broadcast the message over the network, i.e.,

it sends the message to the device for which it belongs to. Therefore, we can say that switch sends the

message directly from source to the destination.

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 Con’t.

Router:
Router is a device that connects the LAN to the internet. The router is mainly used to connect the distinct
networks or connect the internet to multiple computers.

Modem:
Modem connects the computer to the internet over the existing telephone line. A modem is not integrated
with the computer motherboard. A modem is a separate part on the PC slot found on the motherboard.

Hub:

Hub is a central device that splits the network connection into multiple devices. When computer requests
for information from a computer, it sends the request to the Hub. Hub distributes this request to all the
interconnected computers.

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 Con’t.

Repeater:

Allow a cabling system to extend beyond its maximum allowed length by amplifying the network voltages.

Bridges:

operate in the Data Link layer of the OSI model. They join similar topologies and are used to divide network segments.

Bridges keep traffic on one side from crossing to the other

A gateway

is a network point that acts as an entrance to another network. On the internet, in terms of routing, the network consists

of gateway nodes and host nodes.

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 NETWORK TERMNOLOGIES
NETWORK ARCHITECTURES

This is the design of computers, devices and media in a network. It is categorized as Client /
server, or peer-to-peer.

a) SERVER / HOST COMPUTER

A server is sometimes called a host computer. Is a computer that actually responds / services the
requests of other computers.

OR
A server is the central computer that manages resources on a network

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 TYPES OF SERVERS.
File server:

Stores and manages files on a network.

Print server:

Manages printers and print jobs

Database server:

stores and provides access to databases.

Network server:

Manages network traffic

Webpage server:

Distributes web pages.

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 Con’t.
b) CLIENT
Is the other computers on the network that rely on the server for
resources
OR.
This is a computer requesting for services (like Webpages) from another computer (server).

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 A client/workstation: is a computer attached to the network to receive

services from the server.

 A server: is a powerful computer running NOS which manages resources on a

network.

 A dedicated server: is a server that performs a specific task. Examples of

dedicated servers include;

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 Merits of a Client Server network

model
Its offers a reliable centralized storage and sharing of files

 It ensures high security of the network through access control installed on the server

 it’s easy to monitor the network performance on the server

 it’s cheap to install software which can be done on the server a lone instead of all computers on the
network

 It is secure because of centralized administration

 It is cheap to setup since all computers connect to the same machine.

 Monitoring and controls are done once for all devices

 There is no data duplication since the same file is shared by all on the network

 Privacy of one’s data is ensured by creation of individual drives on the server.

 Data access is faster because of known source.

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Demerits of a Client Server
network model

 Extra expenses on buying a server computer

 The speed of the network depends on the speed of the server

machine

 In case of server failure, the entire network goes down

 There are a lot of delays since all computers are accessing the same

machine
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 In case of hacking of the server all organization’s information is at
Peer to peer (P2P)

Is a network configuration where each computer on the network acts as both the client

and as well as the server. Network resources are shared without a central server

Peer-to-peer network: A type of network in which each workstation has equivalent

capabilities and responsibilities Peer-to-peer networks simply link a number of PCs

together with no network server.

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Merits

 It’s very easy to set up

 It’s appropriate in case of a small network (few computers)

 Inexpensive to set up and maintain

 Its flexible

 It is reliable since the failure of one computer does not affect the network

 It is fast since tasks are shared by all devices.

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Demerits
 It lacks security due to absence of a server

 There is no central administration

 It is expensive in terms of networking equipment

 It is insecure because of scattered information on all computers  It

encourages data duplication which takes up storage space.

 There is no privacy of information since all computers are open for every

ones access

 It is hard to administer without centralized control.

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 Types of Computer Networks

Computer networks are classified according to the geographical area spanned (size).

 Personal Area Network (PAN)

 Local Area Network (LAN)

 Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

 Wide Area Network (WAN)

 Internet

 Intranet

 Extranet
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 Personal Area Network (PAN): is an inter-connection of personal devices like phones,

tablets, laptops, speakers close to one person.

 Local Area Network (LAN): this is an interconnection of computers covering a small

geographical area e.g. a building, a school, hospital, etc.

 Metropolitan Area Network (MAN): is a network connecting computers with in the

geographical limits of a city or town. This may be owned by a single company that has many

offices or branches across the metropolitan area. MAN is usually made of different LAN’s.

 Wide Area Network (WAN): this is a network connecting dispersed computers in various

cities or countries.
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 Internet: is global connection of computers and LAN’s sharing

resources.

 Intranet: An internal network of an organization

 Extranet: This is an intranet that extends to authorize users outside

the company.

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Network Software

A network’s performance is determined by network software. Network

software includes:

 Network Operating system

 Network Protocols

 Network Application software

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 Network Operating System

These are operating systems specifically designed to optimize the networked computer’s ability to

respond to service requests

Functions of Network OS
Provides access to network resources like printers, fax, folders etc.

Enables nodes on the network to communicate with each other more efficiently

Responds to requests from application programs running on the network

Supports network services like network card drivers and protocols

Implementing network security features like passwords.

Error detection and control

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Network Protocols

These are sets of rules and procedures that govern communication (transmission) between components on a

network.

The Principle Functions Of Protocols In A Network Include :

Identifying each device in the communication path

Securing attention of the other device

Verifying correct receipt of the transmitted message

Determining that a message requires retransmission if it is in incomplete or has errors

Performing recovery when errors occur

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NETWORK TOPOLOGY

This is the physical arrangement of computers and related devices on a

network. These include:-
 Bus topology
 Star topology
 Ring topology
 Mesh topology
 Point-to-point topology
 Tree topology
 Hybrid topology

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 Bus Topology

It consists of a single central cable that connects all computers and other devices together
called a backbone or Bus

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 Advantages of Bus Network:
 Cheap and easy to install

 Computers can be attached and detached without disturbing the rest of the network.

 Failure of one device cannot affect the network.

 It’s good for smaller networks not requiring higher speeds

 Requires less cable length than a star topology

 Easy to add new workstations on the network

 Easy to connect a computer or peripheral

 It has high transmission speed if coaxial cable is used

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Disadvantages of Bus Topology

 If the bus itself fails, the entire network will not work.

 If more data flows, the network slows down.

 Its Limited in size and speed

 Its less secure since all data is transmitted by only one main cable

 The transmission slows down as more workstation are added

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Ring Topology

 A ring topology consists of a cable forming a closed ring or loop.

(Ring/cycle shaped)
 Topology where all devices on the network are connected to one
another in the shape of a closed loop, so that each device is
connected directly to two other devices, one on each side of it to
form a ring. Each data packet is sent around the ring until it reaches
its final destination.

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Advantages of Ring Network

 It can cover a large distance.

 The speed of data transmission is high since each workstation can
boast the signal.
 No collision of data occurs as data travels in one direction only.
 Its orderly network where every device has access to the token and
the opportunity to transmit.
 It performs better than a star topology under heavy network load.
 Cheap to install since there is only one cable between each
workstation.

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Disadvantages of Ring Network

 More difficult to install.

 If the cable fails the whole network fails.
 Network adapter card are expensive.
 Moves, additions and changes of devices affect the entire network.

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Star Topology:

 All computers and devices connect to a central Hub / switch. Data transmitted passes
through the hub.

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Advantages of Star Network
Topology
 Easy to install and maintain.
 Devices can be added and removed without disruptions.
 Its best for large networks
 Reliable because each device connects directly to the hub.
 If one cable or station fails, the entire network is not affected.
 High speed transmission is possible since each station has a
dedicated cable.
 Greater security as connection from one station to server is unique.

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Disadvantages of Star Topology

 If the hub fails, the entire network will fail.

 Expensive to install.
 Requires more cable length than a bus topology.
 If the cable fails the workstation cannot receive data via any other
route.  If the hub or switch fails, attached are disabled.

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Tree topology

A tree topology combines characteristics of bus and star topologies;

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Advantages of Tree topology

 Allows for point-to-point wiring for individual segments

 Supported by (compatible with) several hardware and software.

Disadvantages of tree topology

 Overall length of each segment is limited by the type of cabling used.

 If the backbone line breaks, the entire segment goes down.
 More difficult to configure and wire than other topologies.

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 Mesh topology

 This is a network topology where each device has its own connections to all other devices on the
network. It provides each device with a point- to- point connection to every other device in the
network.

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Advantages of mesh topology.

 If there are other possible routes through the network, the damage of one or several cables or computers may

not have vital impact except the involved computer.

 Mesh networks provide redundancy, in the event of a link failure, meshed networks enables data to be routed

through any other site connected to the network.

Disadvantages of mesh topology

 It’s the most expensive and difficult to maintain because each device has a point-to-point connection to every

device.

 The damage of at least one cable or device may damage the network seriously if there are only few cables in

the network.
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Considerations when choosing a
topology:

 Money.

 Length of cable needed.

 Future growth.

 Cable types.

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 Advantages of Computer Networks

 File Sharing: It allows file sharing and remote file access. It is easy for a person sitting on

one networked computer to see and access files on another networked computer.

 Software sharing: Software can be installed on one server computer that can be used by

the different client computers instead of purchasing a copy for each computer.

 Easy Communication: People on a computer network can communicate easily with each

other. For example with the internet, network users can use Emails, Instant messaging, etc.

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 Con’t
 Sharing of Hardware / Peripheral devices: Computers on the network can share devices such

as printers, scanners.

 Central storage for data: In a client-server network, all the data can be stored in one place(on

the server)and this makes it easy to manage it.

 Makes data back up easy since all the data is stored on the file server.

 Enforcing security policies on data is easy, since each and every user has his own set of

privileges to prevent them accessing restricted files.

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 Disadvantages
 Expensive to set up: The initial set up cost can be high depending on the number of computers

to be connected. Devices like switches, routers, and cables are always expensive.

 Failure of the server: In case the main file server of a computer network breaks down, the

whole system becomes useless.

 Rapid spread of computer virus: If any computer on a network gets affected by a computer

virus, there is a possible threat of other computers getting affected too.

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 Con’t

 Insecurity of information: If a computer is on a network, a computer hacker can get

unauthorized access of information by using different tools.

 Managing a large network is complicated, requires training and a network manager

needs to be employed

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