Reading & Writing Skills in Context

Text Structures

Prepared by
PAMELA B. SINULDONG, MAT
Master Teacher II
Today’s Lesson
I. Definition of Text Structure
II. Purposes & Advantages
III. Kinds of Text Structures
R P A T
E N T S
PATTERNS
 D V P M
L E O E
E T N
DEVELOPMENT
R I N T
G I W
WRITING
 PATTERNS OF
DEVELOPMENT IN
WRITING
 TEXT STRUCTURE
Refers to how information is
organized in a passage by
using different forms &
standards of composition for a
variety of purposes
 Purposes and
Advantages
• Aids to comprehend the purpose of
the writing
• Helps pinpoint information being
searched without difficulty
• Helps develop a common
understanding about how to
communicate successfully in different
situations
 Kinds of Text Structure
narrative Classification or Exemplification
Comparison and
Cause & effect
Contrast
Persuasion Problem-solution

Description Sequence or chronological

1 NARRATIVE
• Tells a story
• Main purpose or goal is to
entertain
• Includes elements such as
character/s, setting,
problem, resolution, etc.
NARRATIVE
normally contain story
a story chronological components

sequential contain verbs,

presentation adverbs, and
of events is transition
observed words
 Points to remember in using narration:
Use verbs and transitional devices:
a story is built around people doing things.
Your paragraphs are characterized by words that show
action and sequence.
escriptive details in a narrative paragraph are essentia
a good story. Details help readers connect to the wor
the author envisions.
hoose the right words for their meaning and use speci
expressions
Example
Learning how to ride a bike for the first time was a
nerve-racking independent moment. I was about five
years old when my sister and I went outside and
started to take the little wheels off my bike. After my
bike went through the transformation, I was now ready
for the big moment. With butterflies in my stomach, I
slowly got on the bike, and with my shaky hands, I
gripped the handles tightly. Meanwhile, my sister was
holding on to me to help keep my balance. I was so
afraid that she would let go, yet I was determined to
ride this bike on my own.
2 DESCRIPTION
• Information
describing a scene,
person, or object
• General structure is a
list of attributes or
facts, uses
DESCRIPTION go light on
adjectives and
elucidate the record series adverbs, and
nature of of detailed look for ways
people, observations to describe
places, and actions
things

physical use of sensory

descriptions language
Example
It was a cold gray day in late
November. The weather had changed
overnight, when a backing wind brought a
granite sky and a muzzling rain with it, and
although it was now only a little after two
o’clock in the afternoon the pallor of a
winter evening seemed to have closed
upon the hills, cloaking them in mist.
CLASSIFICATION/EXEMPLIFICATION
3 • Provides examples, solid
support, and strong evidence,
to prove a point
• Uses specific & vivid
examples for the purpose of
adding more information to
explain, persuade, define, or
illustrate a general idea
Example
People looking to lose weight have a few
options: exercise, diet, weight loss pills, & surgery.
Exercising involves going to a gym, working out at
home, or joining some sort of class or sports team.
Those who are dieting can talk to a doctor about a
plan for them. Weight loss pills can be taken, if
proper precautions & directions are followed.
Individuals who are severely overweight can talk to a
doctor about having surgery to lose the weight that
they need.
 COMPARISON AND
4 CONTRAST
• Described how two or
more events, places,
characters, or other
ideas may be similar
and/or different in
multiple ways.
Example
Apples and oranges are both fruits,
which means that they have seeds inside
of them. Each has a skin, but orange skins
are thick and easy to peel. Apple skins are
thinner and do not peel easily. Oranges
also contain more acid than apples, but
both fruits are delicious.
5 CAUSE & EFFECT
• Include several
reasons why an
event occurred
several effects that
resulted from a cause
or multiple causes
Example
Many people think that they can get sick by
going into cold weather improperly dressed;
however, illnesses are not caused by
temperature – they are caused by germs. So,
while shivering outside in the cold probably won’t
strengthen your immune system, you’re more
likely to contract an illness indoors because you
will have a greater exposure to germs.
6 PROBLEM SOLUTION
• Identifies a problem,
provides possible
solutions with
possible results, and
finally, the actual
solution selected
Example
In the early 1800s, the United States needed
room to grow. The problem was most people
lived in the East. The cities were crowded. New
land was expensive. Young families couldn’t
afford to buy farms.
Then, as a solution, the United States
government purchased land from France. The
government also acquired land from Mexico
Example
Soon the country stretched all the way to
the Pacific Ocean. People looked to the setting
sun with outstretched arms and said, “Go
west!” Settlers rode in wagons or on horses.
They followed long, dusty trails across hot
plains for out for wild animals like wolves and
snakes. The trip west could take months.
Example
Then a railroad was built that stretched from
the East Coast almost to the West Coast. The
railroad made travel faster. More people poured
into the new lands. The settlers quickly built
small towns where they farm, fish, and mine
good.
7 PERSUASION
• Tries to convince
readers to take a
certain opinion or
perform a certain
action
Example
Immigration contributes the overall health of
the American economy. Despite recent concerns
expressed about illegal and some illegal
immigration to the United States, this country
largely benefited from the skills, talents, and
ambition that immigrants bring with them.
American businesses gain from a good source of
affordable labor, while towns and cities
Example
are revitalized by immigrant families who
strengthen communities through civic
participation and the generation of ne economic
activity. The United States must continue to
welcome new arrivals and help those who are
already here; otherwise, the country, will lose the
advantages it has over other industrialized
countries that compete against us in the global
Example
Marketplace and seek to recruit from a vast pool
of unskilled and skilled global workers
8 SEQUENCE/CHRONOLOGICAL
• Lists a series of events
that lead to a conclusion or
a sequence of events
related to a particular
event
• Presents steps & specific
Example
Eating cereal is easy. First, get your materials.
Net, pour your cereal in the bowl, add milk, and
enjoy
 ACTIVITY
Form a group of five(5)
and write your own
examples for each of the
text structures.