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Infrared Spectroscopy and

The document discusses infrared spectroscopy, focusing on how atoms and molecules interact with electromagnetic radiation to absorb and emit light, creating spectra that provide information about their structure. It explains the use of spectrophotometers to measure light absorption in solutions and outlines the principles of wave motion and electromagnetic relationships. Additionally, it highlights the applications of spectroscopy in determining molecular structure, composition, and symmetry.

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6 views12 pages

Infrared Spectroscopy and

The document discusses infrared spectroscopy, focusing on how atoms and molecules interact with electromagnetic radiation to absorb and emit light, creating spectra that provide information about their structure. It explains the use of spectrophotometers to measure light absorption in solutions and outlines the principles of wave motion and electromagnetic relationships. Additionally, it highlights the applications of spectroscopy in determining molecular structure, composition, and symmetry.

Uploaded by

xycwvomdologtzz
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Infrared Spectroscopy

and
its Applications

4th Chemistry,2021

Professor Badr Awad Elsayed

1st Lecture
WHAT IS SPECTROSCOPY?
• Atoms and molecules interact with electromagnetic
radiation (EMR) in a wide variety of ways.
• Atoms and molecules may absorb and/or emit EMR.
• Absorption of EMR stimulates different types of motion in
atoms and/or molecules.
• The patterns of absorption (wavelengths absorbed and to
what extent) and/or emission (wavelengths emitted and
their respective intensities) are called ‘spectra’.
• The field of spectroscopy is concerned with the
interpretation of spectra in terms of atomic and molecular
structure (and environment).
•Spectroscopy
•“seeing the unseeable”
•Using electromagnetic radiation as a probe to obtain information about
atoms and molecules that are too small to see.
•Electromagnetic radiation is propagated at the speed of light through a
vacuum as an oscillating wave.
•
Spectrophotometric Analysis
• Spectrophotometric techniques are used to measure the
concentration of solutes in solution by measuring the amount
of light that is absorbed by the solution in a cuvette placed in
the spectrophotometer.
• The spectrophotometer can measure the amount of light
or electromagnetic radiation (of certain frequency)
transmitted or absored by the solution.
Define Spectrophotometer

• Spectrophotometer (Spec)
• An instrument that measures the
amount of light that passes through (is
transmitted through) a sample.
Wave motion of light

1- Wave Properties
The wave is described either in terms of its wavelength (l),the distance between
successive maxima or minima of a wave(nm), or in terms of the frequency(n), the
number of oscillation of the field per second.

The velocity of light, c, is given by the equation:

C= n l
7
Electromagnetic relationships:
c = λ. n λ µ 1/ n

E=h n Eµ n
E = h.c/λ E µ 1/λ
1/λ = n‾

λ = wavelength
n = frequency
λ
c = speed of light c
E = kinetic energy
h = Planck’s constant
n‾ = Wavenumber
Two oscillators will strongly interact when their energies
are equal.

E1 = E2
λ1 = λ2
n 1
=n 2

If the energies are different, they will not strongly interact!


We can use electromagnetic radiation to probe atoms and
molecules to find what energies they contain.
some electromagnetic radiation ranges
Approx. freq. range Approx. wavelengths
Hz (cycle/sec) meters

Radio waves 104 - 1012 3x104 - 3x10-4


Infrared (heat) 1011 - 3.8x1014 3x10-3 - 8x10-7
Visible light 3.8x1014 - 7.5x1014 8x10-7 - 4x10-7
Ultraviolet 7.5x1014 - 3x1017 4x10-7 - 10-9
X rays 3x1017 - 3x1019 10-9 - 10-11
Gamma rays > 3x1019 < 10-11
Determining structure

 ˙ contain any known compound?

Determini 


˙ is it pure?
˙ what functional group it contains?
ng the  ˙ what is its composition and

Molecular molecular weight?


 ˙ how the functional groups linked together?
Structure  ˙ what is molecular symmetry?

?
 ˙ what are the bond lengths and bond angles?
 ˙ what is its electronic structure?

11
Some physical techniques in determining
structure

Fingerprint

Group present

Molecular
symmetry

Bond lengths
and angles

Electronic
structure

12

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