LOGIC &

PROPOSITION
PRESENTED BY: SIDRA SHAHID
INTRODUCTION:
 Logic is a branch of Philosophy.
 What is Philosophy?
 Here the Literal Definition of Philosophy: The word “Philosophy” is
the Combination of 2 Greek words Philo-Sophia, which means Love
of wisdom.
 Philosophy is a systematic and in-depth study of general and
fundamental questions concerning topics like existence, reason,
knowledge, value, mind, and language
What is wisdom:

 Wisdom means acquisition of knowledge which is sincerely &

practically applied for correct use. e.g., Wisdom is that “if we have a
knife” and we use it for cutting fruits not for cutting throat(s).
What is Knowledge?
 Knowledge: According to Socrate “knowledge is the justified true
belief and proven evidence.”
 e.g., when scientists goes to Mars (Mareeh), they see some thing
about life on Mars so this is Knowledge
BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY:

 Traditionally, there are five main branches of philosophy. They are:

Metaphysics: which deals with the fundamental questions of
reality. Or a branch that differentiate appearance (Theory of reality)
from reality Or that discuss things which exist beyond the physical
world. E.g. (Soul, God, Life after Death etc.)
 Epistemology: which deals with our concept of knowledge, how we
learn and what we can know. Or (theory of knowledge), the
discussion of the sources of knowledge & theory of thought
Axiology:
 It deals with Ethics, Logics and aesthetic
 Ethics or moral philosophy: which is concerned with human values
and how individuals should act. i-e truth, good and beauty.
 Ethics deals with good
 Logic deals with truth( help in reasoning)
 Aesthetic deals with beauty
Logic:
 The study of the methods and principles used in distinguishing correct
from incorrect reasoning.
 the term logic comes from the Greek word LOGOS which means
“sentence”, “discourse”, “reason”, “rule”, “Ratio” and also logic is the
study of the Principles of Correct Reasoning.
 Study of correct principles. Reasoning , thinking, speaking, about
something in rational & Logical ways.
 Reasoning: It is the process of thinking.
 Logic help to avoid mistakes in our own reasoning. e.g
 All the square are rectangle
 All dogs have a good sense of smell.
Definitions of Logic:
 Logic is the science of Reasoning
 Logic is the study of methods, techniques & principles used to
differentiate correct reasoning from incorrect reasoning.
 Logic is the study of methods, techniques & principles used to
differentiate good or valid arguments from bad or invalid arguments. e.g
All humans have 5 senses.
 Reasoning:
Reasoning is a special kind of thinking in which problems are
solved, in which inference take place, that is, in which conclusion are
drawn from premises.
Our ability to use reasoning is our most reliable and successful
means for developing sound judgments around the world around us.
Types Of Logic:
 Two types of logic:
 Propositional and Non-propositional
 Proposition:
A statement that assist or deny something. A statement what is
typically asserted using a declarative sentences either true or false.
e.g: Pakistan is in Asia.
A statement that can be proven as true or false.
Every proposition is a sentence, but every sentence is not a
proposition.
It’s a declarative or informative sentence.
e.g: Pakistan is in south Asia, & Pakistan has 5 province.
KINDS OF PROPOSITIONS:
 Simple Proposition:
That gives us information about a single fact. Eg: “Y” is ill.
 Complex proposition:
 That gives us information about more than one facts. Eg: Y is ill
and is admitted in a hospital.
Non-Propositional : It is not a statement. It is in the form of:
Questions:
Order Command:
Expression or Feeling:
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
SENTENCE AND PROPOSITION
 A sentence is always a sentence in a particular language, the
language in which it is used. Propositions is not peculiar to a
language.
 Exactly the same sentence, in different contexts, may be used to
make different propositions.
 Example: – The present president of Pakistan is an army chief.
General Zai-ul-Haq in 1980s General Pervez Musharraf in 2002
 Proposition/Sentence
 “The largest state in the United States was once an independent
republic” – “once” expressed a true statement or proposition (about
Texas) – but if asserted today would express a false statement or
proposition (about Alaska) – The same words assert different
propositions at different times.
 Compound Proposition – containing other propositions within
themselves – For Example • The Amazon Basin produces roughly 20
percent of the Earth’s oxygen, creates much of its own rainfall, and
harbors many unknown species. – In above sentence we have three
Proposition » What it produce » What it create » What it harbors –
INFERENCE & PREMISES:

Inference is a process by which one proposition is arrived at

and affirmed on the basis of some other proposition or propositions.
Inference may be “immediate” if only one premis is relied upon, or
“mediate” if more than one premis is relied upon.
Inferences are implications, and part of logic is recognizing
what a statement implies and what it doesn’t.
Premises are the propositions upon which inference is based;
the propositions that are claimed to provide grounds or reasons for the
conclusion
Conjunctive & Disjunctive Proposition
 The conjunctive proposition is one which asserts that two alternatives
cannot be true at the same time. (It is possible for both alternatives to be
false.) – For Example • “Canada is in North America and New York City is
the biggest city in Canada”. • From above example it is clear that, if either
one of the individual propositions are False, then the whole thing is False.
And since we know that one is False, indeed the whole thing is taken as
False
 Disjunctive Proposition: It presents two or more alternatives, one of
which is true. Its members are linked by the conjunctions “either…or” –
For Example • "Canada is in North America or New York City is the
biggest city in Canada.“ • Now we have one proposition that is True, so the
whole thing is seen as True
BENEFITS OF STUDYING LOGIC
 Supports the use of our reasoning powers
 Helps to make them more dependable
 We learn how to defend judgments
 Using logic we bring our intellectual capacities to maturity and
fruitfulness
 We learn to distinguish good arguments from bad ones
 We learn the principles of clear and accurate thinking
 Skills of correct reasoning never become obsolete AIM To learn
how to test arguments and to evaluate them.