Unit-II

STORAGE DEVICE
INTRODUCTION TO WINDOWS-history, features,
desktop, taskbar, icons on the windows.
Storage device
• A hardware component on which a piece of digital
information can be stored and retrieved.
Define storage system
• Hardware component used to
• Store
• Retrieve
• And manage digital data in a computer or electronic
system.
• It provide means to store data such as- documents,
photo, video, and software for later use.

• Data is stored in various form in the storage devices__

• 1. magnetic form (stored as magnetic patterns)
• 2. optical form (lazer read the pattern of pits and lands)
• 3. Flash form (stored as electrical charges in floating
gates)
• 4. RAM- stored in capacitors and transistors.
Sequential and direct
access devices
• 1. SEQUENCIAL – that reads and writes data in a
specific order. From beginning to end. To retrieve
a specific piece of data, the device must go
through all preceding data sequencially. Ex-
magnetic tape

• 2. DIRECT ACCESS DEVICE- allow data to be read

or written directly from any location. The device
can jump to a specific data position instantly. Ex-
HDD, SSD, CDs, DVDs.
Advantages and
disadvantages of
sequential
• ADVANTAGES- data
• 1. simplicity and ease of implementation.
• 2. Efficiency for ordered tasks.
• 3. cheap
• 4. less power consumption

• DISADVANTAGES-
• 1. Inefficient for random access
• 2. time consuming for large files.(speed is slow)
• 3. modification difficuty
Advantages and
disadvantages of random
access devices
• ADVANTAGES-
• 1. Fast data access
• 2. Efficient performance
• 3. No need for sequential search
• 4. support multitasking
• 5. Reliability and durability.

• DISADVANTAGES-
• 1. Higher cost
• 2. limited lifespan for flash based storage.
• 3. Volatility
• 4.Complexity in data management.
• 5. Power consumption
Magnetic tape
• Sequential access storage device.
• Used for storing data in linear format.
• It is widely used for data breakup, archiving, and
large scale storage application.
• Tape material- made of plastic sbstrate +
magnetic material coating like- chromium oxide,
iron oxide
• READ AND WRITE-Magnetic read and write head is
there that move over the tape and reads the data.
• CARTRAGE OR REEL FORMAT- cassettes and open
reel format.
MAGNETIC DISC
• A type of secondary storage device that store
data using magnetic properties.
• It consist of circular platter coated with
magnetized material, where data is recorded in
the form of magnetic pattern.
• Examples – HDD and floppy discs

• PLATTER- disc is made of plastic or metal coated

with iron oxide. This spins at speed = 5,400-
15,000 RPM in HDD
• READ WRITE SYSTEM- movable head that read
and write data magnetically.
TYPES OF MAGNETIC
DISCS
• 1. Hard disc drive- metal platter + magnetic
coating(non-voaltile).
• 2. Floppy disc-compared to magnetic tape,
magnetic disc provide random access
• 3. Zip disc- advanced version of floppy disc.
Optical discs
• Uses lazer technology to read and write data.
• Made of Polycarbonate material, coated with
reflective material.
• STORAGE- data is stored in the form of pits and
lands.
• Ex- CD, DVD(digital versatile disc), Blu-ray discs.

• READ- low intensity laser reads the data

• - high intensity data can write the data in
the form of burns.
• TRACKS AND SECTORS- data is arranged in spiral
track from center to edges.
Comparision
features COMPACT DIGITAL BLU-RAY
DISC VERSATILE
DISC
STORAGE Upto 700 MB 4.7 GB (single 25GB(single
layer) layer)
8.5 GB (dual 100GB+ (triple
layer) layer)
50 GB (double
layer)

LAZER TYPE IR (780nm) Red laser Blue laser

(650nm) (405nm)
READING 150KB/sec 1.32MB/sec 36MB/sec
Video quality SD- 480p SD- 480p HD-1080p /4K
MASS STORAGE DEVICE
• High capacity storage device used to store large amount
of data, either permanently or semi permanently
• Used in computers, data centres, cloud storage and
enterprise environment to manage and retrieve vast
datasets efficiently.

• TYPES OF MASS STORAGE DEVICES-

• 1. HDD.
• 2. SSD.
• 3. MAGNETIC TAPE.
• 4. OPTICAL DISCS.
• 5. CLOUD STORAGE AND NETWORK ATTACHED
STORAGE.
• 6. FLASH DRIVES.
Storage system
UNIT ABBREVIATION EQUIVALENT
VALUE
Bit b Smallest unit 0 or 1
Byte B 8 bits
Kilobyte KB 1024 bytes
Megabyte MB 1024 kb
Gigabyte GB 1024MB
terabyte TB 1024GB
COMPUTER
LANGUAGES (unit-
1)
DEFINE..

A formal language that consists of

set of rules and words used to
communicate with computer, or to
write computer programs.
• The language that are used to
communicate with the computers
are called as computer language.
• Computer understands only binary
code or machine language i.e. 0
and 1 only.
COMPUTER LANGUAES
• BROADLY THERE ARE 2 MAIN CATEGORIES OF
LANGUAGES

• 1. LOW LEVEL LANGUAGE.

• 2. HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGE.

TYPES OF LANGUAGES
LANGUAG
E
LOW HIGH
LEVEL LEVEL
LANGUAG LANGUGA
E E

BINARY JAVA

ASSEMBL
C++
Y

PYTHON
LOW LEVEL LANGUAGE

• -1. LOW LEVEL LANGUAGE- computer can

understand this language this language easily.
• It is closer to machine code and hardware.
• It gets executed faster than high level language.
• Humans get difficulty to understand this
language.
TYPES of LOW LEVEL
LANGUAGE
• 1.1 Machine language- which uses only 0 and 1 to write
instructions and those are directly understood by computer.
• These are also called as binary digits or bits. (no translator
required).
• Writing a code is difficult in machine language as it is very
complex.
• Also finding a code error in machine language is very difficult.
• Ex- binary and hexadecimal language.
• 1.2 Assembly language- this allows software developers to
communicate directly with a computer’s hardware using words
and expression instead of binary or hexadecimal.
• Usage of English-like words/memonics and symbols instead of 0
and 1.
• Drawback- a code is computer specific for 1 type of CPU and
cannot be used for other CPU.
• There is an assembler that is used to convert this language into
bianry language so that it can be understood by computers.
• Ex- powerPC, ARM, MIPS, x86 etc.
High level language
• -2. HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGE-computer need
translator for this.
• It need compiler or interpreter so that the
language can be understood by computer.
• A programming language that is easier for the
humans to understand and write.
• These are easier to program than low level.
• Bugs and error fixes became easier.
• These languages are not directly understood by
computer thus we need translator.
• Ex- C++, JAVA, python
SOME IMPORTANT TABLES
IN THE COMPUTER
PRIMARY vs SECONDARY
DATA
Feature Primary Data Secondary Data

Data collected firsthand by a Data that has already been

Definition researcher for a specific collected by someone else
purpose. for a different purpose.

Collected through surveys, Obtained from books,

Source experiments, interviews, journals, reports, government
observations, etc. records, websites, etc.

Already existing data

Original and directly obtained
Originality compiled from various
from the source.
sources.
Collected to address a
Used for reference, analysis,
Purpose specific research question or
or further studies.
problem.
Time-consuming and Less time-consuming and
Time & Cost
expensive to collect. cost-effective.
May be less accurate due to
More accurate and reliable as
possible biases, outdated
Accuracy it is tailored to specific
information, or changes over
needs.
time.
Data from laboratory Census data, published
experiments, customer research articles,
Example
feedback surveys, or field government reports,
observations. historical records.
Primary vs secondary
data Secondary
Feature Primary Devices
Devices
Devices directly
involved in Devices used for
Definition processing and long-term storage
temporarily storing and backup of data.
data.
Holds data that is
Stores data
actively being used
Function permanently for
or processed by
future use.
thmarye CPU.
Very fast (low Slower than
latency) as they are primary memory
Speed
directly connected but offers larger
to the CPU. storage capacity.
Mostly volatile Non-volatile
Volatility (loses data when (retains data even
power is off). when power is off).
Large capacity
Limited capacity
Storage Capacity (measured in TBs or
(measured in GBs).
PBs).
Hard Drive (HDD),
Based on functionality

Type Description Examples

Works with
continuous data,
Speedometers,
Analog Computer used in scientific
Seismographs
and engineering
applications.
Works with discrete
(binary) data, used Laptops,
Digital Computer
in everyday Smartphones
computing.
Combines features
of analog and digital ECG Machines,
Hybrid Computer
computers (used in Flight Simulators
hospitals, military).
Based on purpose

Type Description Examples

Can perform
General-Purpose multiple tasks (word
PCs, Laptops
Computer processing,
browsing, gaming).
Designed for a
specific task (e.g.,
Special-Purpose MRI Machines, Flight
ATMs, embedded
Computer Control Systems
systems in cars,
medical devices).
Based on Size &
Processing Power
Type Description Examples
Most powerful and
expensive; used for
complex IBM Summit,
Supercomputer
simulations, Fugaku, PARAM
weather forecasting,
nuclear research.
Large, high-
performance system
used by banks,
Mainframe airlines, and IBM Z-series,
Computer government UNIVAC
organizations for
bulk data
processing.
Mid-sized, multi-
Minicomputer
user computers
(Mid-Range PDP-11, IBM AS/400
used in business
Server)
and research.
Designed for
Microcomputer