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1.1 Functions and Representations

The document is a table of contents and introductory section for 'Essential Calculus: Early Transcendentals' by James Stewart, outlining the chapters and key concepts covered in the book. It introduces functions, their representations, and the concept of limits, including various ways to represent functions such as verbally, visually, numerically, and algebraically. Additionally, it discusses the properties of even and odd functions, as well as increasing and decreasing functions.

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Nguyễn Phạm Hồng Thảo
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28 views20 pages

1.1 Functions and Representations

The document is a table of contents and introductory section for 'Essential Calculus: Early Transcendentals' by James Stewart, outlining the chapters and key concepts covered in the book. It introduces functions, their representations, and the concept of limits, including various ways to represent functions such as verbally, visually, numerically, and algebraically. Additionally, it discusses the properties of even and odd functions, as well as increasing and decreasing functions.

Uploaded by

Nguyễn Phạm Hồng Thảo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ESSENTIAL

CALCULUS
early transcendentals

2nd edition
James Stewart
Contents

 Chapter 1: FUNCTIONS AND LIMITS

 Chapter 2: DERIVATIVES

 Chapter 3: INVERSE FUNCTIONS

 Chapter 4: APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION

 Chapter 5: INTEGRALS

 Chapter 6: TECHNIQUES OF INTEGRATION

 Chapter 7: APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION


Chapter 1: Functions and
Limits

 1.1. Functions and Their Representations p.1
 1.2. A Catalog of Essential Functions 11
 1.3. The Limit of a Function 24
 1.4. Calculating Limits 35
 1.5. Continuity 46
 1.6. Limits Involving Infinity 56
 Review 70
1.1. Functions and Their
Representations

 A function f is a rule that assigns to each element x in a
set D exactly one element, called f(x), in a set E.
 The set D is called the domain of the function.
 The number f(x) is the value of f at x and is read “f of x”.
 The range of f is the set of all possible values of f(x) as x
varies throughout the domain.
 A symbol that represents an arbitrary number in the domain
of a function f is called an independent variable.
 A symbol that represents a number in the range of f is called
a dependent variable.
REPRESENTATIONS OF FUNCTIONS


 There are four possible ways to represent a
function: ■ verbally (by a description in
words)
■ visually (by a graph)
■ numerically (by a table of values)
■ algebraically (by an explicit formula)
Consider the following four situations:
Four Ways to Represent a
Function

 A. The area A of a circle depends on the
radius r of the circle. The rule that connects r
and A is A= r2. With each positive number r
there is associated one value of A, and we
say that A is a function of r.
 B. The cost C of mailing a large envelope
depends on the weight w of the envelope.
Although there is no simple formula that
connects w and C, the post office has a rule
for determining C when w is known.
Four Ways to Represent a
Function

 C. The human population of the world P depends
on the time t. The table gives estimates of the
world population P (t) at time t, for certain years.

 For instance,
P(1950)  2,560,000,000

For each value of the time t


there is a corresponding value
of P, thus P is a function of t.
REPRESENTATIONS OF FUNCTIONS


 It’s helpful to think of a function as a machine:

Figure 2. Machine diagram for a function f

 If x is in the domain of the function f, then when x


enters the machine, the machine produces an output f
(x) according to the rule of the function.
 Thus we can think of the domain as the set of all
possible inputs and the range as the set of all possible
outputs.
REPRESENTATIONS OF FUNCTIONS


 Another way to picture a function is by an arrow
diagram.

Figure 3. Arrow diagram for f

 Each arrow connects an element of D to an element of


E.
f (x) is associated with x, f (a) is associated with a, and
Graph of a function

 Visualizing a function by its graph:
The graph of the function f is the set of ordered
pairs
{(x, f (x)) | x  D}

 The y-coordinate of any


point (x, y) on the graph
is the height of the graph
above the point x.
Graph of a function

 The graph of f also allows us to picture the
domain of f on the x-axis and its range on the y-
axis.
Graph of a function


The graph of a function is a curve in the xy-plane. But
Which curves in the xy-plane are graphs of functions?

 Ex:
Piecewise defined functions

Ex 5: Sketch the graph of the absolute value
function f (x) = |x|.
Solution:
We know that
|x| = x if x  0
– x if x < 0
The graph of f coincides with the line y = x
to the right of the y-axis and coincides with
the line y = –x to the left of the y-axis.
Piecewise defined functions


Ex 6: The cost C (w) of mailing a large envelope with
weight w is a piecewise defined function:
0.88 if 0 < w  1
C (w) = 1.05 if 1 < w  2
1.22 if 2 < w  3
1.39 if 3 < w  4

 Functions similar to this one are called step


functions—they jump from one value to the next.
Symmetry

 If a function f satisfies f (–x) = f (x) for every
number x in its domain, then f is called an even
function.
Ex: f (x) = x2 is even because:
f (–x) = (–x)2 = x2 = f (x)
 The graph of an even function
is symmetric with respect to
the y-axis.
 we plot the graph of f for x  0, and the entire
graph obtained simply by reflecting this portion
about the y-axis.
Symmetry

 If f satisfies f (–x) = –f (x) for every number x in its
domain, then f is called an odd function.
Ex: f (x) = x3 is odd because
f (–x) = (–x)3 = –x3 = –f (x)
 The graph of an odd function
is symmetric about the origin.
 If we already have the graph
of f for x  0, we can obtain the
entire graph by rotating this portion through 180
about
the origin.
Symmetry

Ex 7: Determine whether each of the following
functions is even, odd, or neither even nor odd.
(a) f (x) = x5 + x
(b) g (x) = 1 – x4
(c) h (x) = 2x – x2
Increasing and decreasing
functions

Increasing and decreasing
functions

 The function f is
increasing on the interval [a, b],
decreasing on [b, c], and increasing
again on [c, d].

 The function f (x) = x2 is


decreasing on the interval (– , 0]
and increasing on the interval
[0, ).
Exercises of Section
1.1

20, 21, 22, 37, 42, 51, 52, 53, 58

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