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Chapter 2 1

Chapter 2 discusses data modeling concepts, defining data models as frameworks for organizing and relating data elements in management systems. It differentiates between structured and unstructured data, outlines key components of data models such as entities, attributes, relationships, and constraints, and introduces various data model types including hierarchical, network, relational, and object-oriented models. The chapter also covers levels of data abstraction and provides examples of activities related to creating network and relational models.

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13 views30 pages

Chapter 2 1

Chapter 2 discusses data modeling concepts, defining data models as frameworks for organizing and relating data elements in management systems. It differentiates between structured and unstructured data, outlines key components of data models such as entities, attributes, relationships, and constraints, and introduces various data model types including hierarchical, network, relational, and object-oriented models. The chapter also covers levels of data abstraction and provides examples of activities related to creating network and relational models.

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shenna galicia
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© © All Rights Reserved
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CHAPTER 2 – DATA MODELING

CONCEPTS
JOSE CARLO C. GAMBOA
WHAT IS A DATA MODEL?
A data model pertains to the
organization data elements and standardizes how
the data elements relate to one another. Data
models describe structured data for storage in
data management systems.
STRUCTURED DATA
Structured data is organized in a predefined format and is usually
stored in tables with rows and columns, making it easy to search, sort,
and analyze. Examples of structured data include:
1. Customer information stored in a database, including name, address,
phone number, and email address.
2. Financial transactions recorded in a spreadsheet, including date,
amount, description, and category.
3. Product inventory stored in a table, including product name, SKU,
price, and quantity in stock.
UNSTRUCTURED DATA
Unstructured data, on the other hand, is not organized in a
predefined format and is more difficult to search, analyze, and manage.
It can come in a variety of formats, including text, images, videos, and
audio recordings. Examples of unstructured data include:
1. Social media posts, which can contain text, images, and videos.
2. Emails and other types of free-form text, which can be difficult to
categorize and analyze without advanced tools.
3. Images and videos, which may not have clear metadata or text labels
to identify their contents.
 A very important aspect about a data model is that when
it is implementation – ready, it should contain at least the
following components:
o A description of the data structure that will store the
end – user data.
o A set of enforceable rules to guarantee the integrity of
the data.
o A data manipulation methodology that supports the
real – world data transformations.
BUILDING BLOCKS OF DATA
MODEL

Entity. It represents a particular type of object in


the real world. Because an entity represents a
particular type of object, entities are
“distinguishable”—that is, each entity occurrence
is unique and distinct. (e.g. STUDENT )
BUILDING BLOCKS OF DATA
MODEL

 Attribute. It is a characteristics of an entity.


Attributes are the equivalent of fields in file systems. (e.g.
Student Number, Last Name, First Name )
BUILDING BLOCKS OF DATA
MODEL
 Relationship. It describes an association
among entities. Data models uses three types of
relationships: one – to – one (1:1), one – to – many
(1:M), and many – to – many (M:M). (e.g. a
STUDENT belongs to a SECTION, a STUDENT
is enrolled at many SUBJECTS )
BUILDING BLOCKS OF DATA
MODEL
 Constraints. It is a restriction placed on the
data. Constraints are important because they help
to ensure data integrity. These are normally
expressed in the form of rules. (e.g. STUDENT
passes a SUBJECT if its grade is between
1.00 and 3.00 , a STUDENT NUMBER should
be assigned to one and only one STUDENT )
THE CONCEPT ON BUSINESS RULES
A business rule is a brief, precise, and unambiguous description of a policy,
procedure, or principle within a specific organization. Keep in mind that from a
database point of view, the collection of data becomes meaningful only when it
reflects properly defined business rules.
Examples:

 A STUDENT may enroll many SUBJECTS.


 A STUDENT NUMBER is generated to only one STUDENT.
 A STUDENT is enrolled in one and only one COURSE.
TYPES OF DATA MODELS

1.Hierarchical Model
2.Network Model
3.Relational Model
4.Object-Oriented Model
1. HIERARCHICAL MODEL
Developed in the 1960s, its basic logical structure is
represented by an upside – down “tree”. The hierarchical
structure contains levels, or segments. It basically depicts
a set of one-to-many (1:M) relationships between a parent
and its children segments in which each parent can have
many children and each child has only one parent.
2. NETWORK MODEL
Unlike the hierarchical model, the network model allows a record to
have more than one parent. It was created based from the
hierarchical model due to the following reasons:
 To represent complex data relationships more effectively.
 To improve database performance.
 To impose a database standard.
While the network database model is generally not used today, the definitions of
standard database concepts that emerged with the network model are still used
by modern data models. And these are:

Schema. Conceptual organization of entire database as viewed by


the database administrator.
Subschema. Defines database portion “seen” by the application
programs that actually produce the desired information from data contained within
the database
Data Management Language (DML). It defines the environment in
which data can be managed.
Data Definition Language (DDL). It enables database
administrator to define schema components.
3. RELATIONAL MODEL
Introduced by E. F. Codd in 1970, the relational model foundation is a
mathematical concept known as a relation. To avoid the complexity of abstract
mathematical theory, you can think of a relation (sometimes called a table) as a
matrix composed of intersecting rows and columns.
Each row in a relation is called a tuple. Each column represents an
attribute. The relational model also describes a precise set of data manipulation
constructs based on advanced mathematical concepts.
4. OBJECT-ORIENTED MODEL

Object-oriented data model (OODM) is the


basis for the object-oriented database
management system (OODBMS). OODM is said to
be a semantic data model in which it describes the
meaning of its instances.
LEVELS OF DATA ABSTRACTION

1.External Model
2.Conceptual Model
3.Internal Model
1. EXTERNAL MODEL

The external model is the end users’ view of the


data environment. The term end users refer to
people who use the application programs to
manipulate the data and generate information.
2. CONCEPTUAL MODEL
The conceptual model represents a global view
of the entire database as viewed by the entire
organization. That is, the conceptual model
integrates all external views such as entities,
relationships, constraints, and processes into a
single global view of the data in the enterprise.
3. INTERNAL MODEL
 The internal model is the representation of the
database as “seen” by the DBMS. In other words,
the internal model requires the designer to match
the conceptual model’s characteristics and
constraints to those of the selected
implementation model.
ACTIVITY 2
Create a network model:
1. College of Hospitality Management, Business Administration, and Computing

2. Subjects Offered in CHMBAC are as follows: Discrete Math, Information Management


1, Mathematics in the Modern World, Global Citizenship, Rizal, NSTP 1
3. John, Peter, Luke, and Matthew are students of CHMBAC

4. John and Peter are currently taking all the subjects offered under CHMBAC

5. Luke is only taking Mathematics in the Modern World

6. Matthew is enrolled in all the subjects except Global Citizenship


ACTIVITY 3
Create a relational model: Table 2.
Table 1. Relation name: Order
Relation name: Customer Attributes: order_id
Attributes: customer_id date
Name total_cost
Address status
Phone_number
Email customer_id

Cardinality – 3 Cardinality - 3

The two tables could be linked using a unique customer ID number.

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