IST 511 Information Management: Information and Technology Artificial Intelligence and The Information Sciences
IST 511 Information Management: Information and Technology Artificial Intelligence and The Information Sciences
Technology
Artificial Intelligence and the Information Sciences
Search engines
Science
Medicine/
Diagnosis
Labor
Appliances What else?
What is artificial intelligence?
• There is no clear consensus on the definition of AI
• John McCarthy coined the phrase AI in 1956
http://www.formal.stanford.edu/jmc/whatisai/whatisai.html
Q. What is artificial intelligence?
A. It is the science and engineering of making
intelligent machines, especially intelligent computer
programs. It is related to the similar task of using
computers to understand human or other
intelligence, but AI does not have to confine itself to
methods that are biologically observable.
Q. Yes, but what is intelligence?
A. Intelligence is the computational part of the ability
to achieve goals in the world. Varying kinds and
degrees of intelligence occur in people, many
What is AI? (Cont’d)
Other possible AI definitions
• AI is a collection of hard problems which can be solved by
humans and other living things, but for which we don’t
have good algorithms for solving.
– e. g., understanding spoken natural language, medical
diagnosis, circuit design, learning, self-adaptation,
reasoning, chess playing, proving math theories, etc.
• Russsell & Norvig: a program that
– Acts like human (Turing test)
– Thinks like human (human-like patterns of thinking
steps)
– Acts or thinks rationally (logically, correctly)
• Some problems used to be thought of as AI but are now
considered not
– e. g., compiling Fortran in 1955, symbolic mathematics
in 1965, pattern recognition in 1970, what for the
future?
What is the scientific method hypothesis behind AI?
One Working Definition of AI
• AI will cause
– social ills, unemployment
– End of humanity
Thinking Humanly: Cognitive
Science
• 1960 “Cognitive Revolution”: information-
processing psychology replaced behaviorism
• Problems:
1) Uncertainty: Not all facts are certain (e.g., the flight might be
delayed).
2) Resource limitations: There is a difference between solving a
problem in principle and solving it in practice under various
resource limitations such as time, computation, accuracy etc.
(e.g., purchasing a car)
Strong AI
"I find it useful to distinguish what I will call
"strong" AI from "weak" or "cautious" AI. According
to weak AI, the principle value of the computer in
the study of the mind is that it gives us a very
powerful tool. For example, it enables us to
formulate and test hypothesis in a more rigourous
and precise fashion. But according to strong AI, the
computer is not merely a tool in the study of the
mind; rather, the appropriately programmed
computer really is a mind, in the sense that
computers given the right programs can be literally
said to understand and have other cognitive
states."
[Searle, 1980, Minds, Brains and Programs]
Weak and Strong AI Claims
• Weak AI:
– Machines can be made to act as if
they were intelligent.
• Strong AI:
– Machines that act intelligently have
real, conscious minds.
Eliza
• Called after Eliza Doolittle of Pygmalion
fame.
• Developed in 1964-1966 by Joseph
Weizenbaum in MIT
• Models (parodies) the rôle of a Rogerian
psychotherapist engaged in an initial
interview with a patient. Much or the
technique of the Rogerian
psychotherapist involves drawing the
patient out by reflecting the patient’s
statements back at him.
http://www-ai.ijs.si/eliza/eliza.html
Eliza
http://www.simonlaven.com/
Types of Chatterbots
• Classic Chatterbots
• Complex Chatterbots
• Friendly Chatterbots
• Teachable Bots
• AIML Bots
• JFred Bots
• NativeMinds Bots Non-English Bots
• Alternative Bots
http://www.simonlaven.com/
A.L.I.C.E
Philosophical criticisms of AI
• Two categories of criticism:
– It cannot be done because ...
– It cannot be done the way you are
trying to do it.
The danger of can’t be done arguments…
"Philosophers are forever telling scientists what they can't do,
what they can't say, what they can't know, and so on and so
forth. In 1844 the philosopher August Compte said that if there
was one thing man would never know it would be the
composition of the distant stars and planets. But three years
after Compte died physicists discovered that an object's
composition can be determined by its spectrum no matter how
far off the object happens to be."
What is Intelligence?
The Turing Test
GoodElecSys:
IF car:SparkPlugCondition #= Ok And
car:Timing #= InSynch And
car:Battery #= Charged;
THEN car:ElectricalSystem = Ok;
Consider the following rules
If A and B then F J
If C and D A
and E then K Goal
B F
If F and K then G
If J and G then Goal C
G
D
K
E
Real
Reasoning
World Problem
Analysis System ?
Proble Solution
m
Representation
• Logical AI
Branches of AI
• Search
• Natural language processing
• Computer vision
• Pattern recognition
• Knowledge representation
• Inference From some facts, others can be inferred.
• Reasoning
• Learning
• Planning To generate a strategy for achieving some goal
• Epistemology This is a study of the kinds of knowledge that
are required for solving problems in the world.
• Ontology Ontology is the study of the kinds of things that
exist.
• Agents
• Games
• Artificial life / worlds?
• Emotions?
• Knowledge Management?
• Socialization/communication?
• …
Approaches to AI
• Searching
• Learning
• From Natural to Artificial Systems
• Knowledge Representation and
Reasoning
• Expert Systems and Planning
• Communication, Perception, Action
Search
• “All AI is search”
– Game theory
– Problem spaces
• Every problem is a feature space
of all possible (successful or
unsuccessful) solutions.
• The trick is to find an efficient
search strategy.
Search: Game Theory
9!+1 = 362,880
Approaches to AI
• Searching
• Learning
• From Natural to Artificial Systems
• Knowledge Representation and
Reasoning
• Expert Systems and Planning
• Communication, Perception, Action
Learning
• Explanation
– Discovery
– Data Mining
• No Explanation
– Neural Nets
– Case Based Reasoning
Learning: Explanation
• Cases to rules
Learning: No Explanation
• Neural nets
Approaches to AI
• Searching
• Learning
• From Natural to Artificial Systems
• Knowledge Representation and
Reasoning
• Expert Systems and Planning
• Communication, Perception, Action
Neural Networks
Approaches to AI
• Searching
• Learning
• From Natural to Artificial Systems
• Knowledge Representation and
Reasoning
• Expert Systems and Planning
• Communication, Perception, Action
Rule-Based Systems
• Logic Languages
– Prolog, Lisp
• Knowledge bases
• Inference engines
Rule-Based Languages:
Prolog
Son(lot, haran)?
Rule
Based
System
s
• KRS
Approaches to AI
• Searching
• Learning
• From Natural to Artificial Systems
• Knowledge Representation and
Reasoning
• Expert Systems and Planning
• Communication, Perception, Action
Approaches to AI
• Searching
• Learning
• From Natural to Artificial Systems
• Knowledge Representation and
Reasoning
• Expert Systems and Planning
• Communication, Perception, Action
Ability-Based Areas
• Computer vision
• Natural language recognition
• Natural language generation
• Speech recognition
• Speech generation
• Robotics
• Games/entertainment
MIT’s NLP online
Natural Language:
Translation
PERSON: PERSON:
Semantics REPT TRANSACTION AGNT Fred
Joe
Context
sentence
w
VP
VP
NP
Syntax VP NP NP
Audio
Natural Language
Recognition
PERSON: BELIEF
“Tom Tom
EXPR
believes
PTNT
Mary
wants to
marry a PROPOSITION
:
sailor.” PERSON:
EXPR WANT
Mary
PTNT
SITUATION:
Walk
Turn
Stairs
Domestic Robots
Military robots
Robocup
www.robocup.org
How far have we got?
• General intelligence of a frog?
But then ask Garry K.
• IBM’s Artificial
Intelligence
computer system
• Capable of
answering
questions in
natural language
• Competed against
champions on
Jeopardy and won
Watson
• IBM describes this AI as:
"an application of advanced Natural
Language Processing, Information
Retrieval, Knowledge
Representation and Reasoning,
and Machine Learning technologies
to the field of open domain
question answering“
• What this means…
High-Level Architecture used in Watson
Watson
• Specifics
– 16 Terabytes of RAM
– Can process 500 gigabytes (1 million
books) per second
– Content was stored in Watson’s RAM rather
than memory to be more easily accessed
– Cost about $3 Million
Watson’s sources of
information
• Encyclopedias
• Dictionaries
• Thesauri
• Newswire articles
• Literary works
• Databases, taxonomies, and
ontologies.
• Wikipedia articles
• And more
How Watson Works
• Receives the clues (questions) as
electronic texts
• It then divides these texts into different
keywords and sentence fragments and
searches for statistically related phrases
• Quickly executes thousands of language
analysis algorithms
• The more algorithms that find the same
answer increase Watson’s confidence of
his answer and it calculates whether or
not to make a guess
How to achieve AI?
• How is AI research and engineering done?
• AI research has both theoretical and experimental sides.
The experimental side has both basic and applied
aspects.
• Competitions!
• There are two main lines of research:
– One is biological, based on the idea that since humans are
intelligent, AI should study humans and imitate their
psychology or physiology.
– The other is phenomenal, based on studying and
formalizing common sense facts about the world and the
problems that the world presents to the achievement of
goals.
• The two approaches interact to some extent, and both
should eventually succeed. It is a race, but both racers
seem to be walking. [John McCarthy]
AI competitions
• Robotics - Robocup
• Chess /other games
• Turing Test (Loebner prize)
• Theorem proving
• Planning (agent)
• Data mining
• DOD autonomous cross country driving
• Finance
• Recently:
– Mario AI competition
– Google AI Challenge
AI as an Agent
sensors
?
?
environment
agent ?
actuators
model
What is an (Intelligent)
Agent?
• An over-used, over-loaded, and miss-used term.
Utility agent
Intelligent Agents in the
Knowledge Representation World
Machine Learning abilities
Reasoning +
Decision Theory
Natural Language
Generation
Natural Language +
Understanding Robotics
+ +
Computer Vision Human Computer
Speech Recognition /Robot
+ Interaction
Physiological Sensing
Mining of Interaction Logs 92
Strong vs Weak AI
• Strong AI is artificial intelligence that matches or exceeds
human intelligence — the intelligence of a machine that can
successfully perform any intellectual task that a human being
can.[1]
– It is a primary goal of artificial intelligence research and an important topic
for science fiction writers and futurists.
– Strong AI is also referred to as "artificial general intelligence"[2] or as the
ability to perform "general intelligent action".[3]
– Science fiction associates strong AI with such human traits as consciousness,
sentience, sapience and self-awareness.
• Measure progress
• New apps