IFTY 212

COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE
AND ORGANIZATION

Image Source: http://www.thedailycrate.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/o-COMPUTER-SCIENCE-facebook.jpg - Retrieved Online on January 11, 2016

ANNOUNCEMENTS!!!
• Differentiate between computer architecture and computer
organisation
 Overview of Computer
Architecture, Layers of
Computer Architecture &
Review of Logic Gates
MODULE ONE
Computer Organization And Computer
Architecture
The Control unit controls
input and output. It
regulates and integrates the
operation of the computer

It holds all of the necessary

data and instructions for
processing. I.e RAM …
COMPUTER ORGANIZATION
VS ARCHITECTURE
• Computer Organization: The various operational
units of a Computer, and the interconnections that
synthesize to realize the architecture.
• Computer Architecture: The attributes of a
computer system that are visible to a machine
language programmer and have a direct impact on
the logical execution of programs. As with the
analogous illustration of buildings, the physical
computer is divided into several levels/strata /
layers
LAYERS/ LEVELS IN COMPUTER
ARCHITECTURE
The generic Computer Architecture has six (6)
fundamental layers:
Layer 0: The Digital Logic / Machine State Level – The
physical machine hardware layer. Here exists the logic
gates and other digital devices & circuitry (Integrated
circuits).
Layer 1: The Microarchitecture Level – This is the level
at which the memory, registers and ALU function.
Instructions at this level could either be micro-coded
(using a micro-program) or hard-coded (by physical
hardware configurations).
LAYERS/ LEVELS IN COMPUTER
ARCHITECTURE (contd.)
Layer 2: Instruction Set Architecture (ISA) Level –
This is the level at which the various types of
instructions that are useable and understandable by
the computer are built in.
Layer 3: The Operating System / Machine Level –
This is more often referred to as the bridge / mid-
point between the computer hardware and the end
user. It is basically the point of abstraction of the
computer hardware.
LAYERS/ LEVELS IN COMPUTER
ARCHITECTURE (contd.)
Layer 4: Assembly / Low Level Language (LLL) Level
– This is the level at which low level / system
programmers work trying to implement virtual
machines, language translators and interpreters.
Layer 5: The High Level Language (HLL) Level – This
is the level at which the application programmers
write various programs to solve user problems. This is
the level at which problem-oriented & object-oriented
design takes place. Programs at this level are made
useful / understandable to lower levels by compilers.
COMPUTING EVOLUTION
The Very First G-P Computing Devices
Computer Today
GENERATIONS OF
COMPUTERS
Generation Primary Component Year
developed
0th Generation Mechanical Computers 16th Century
1st Generation Vacuum Tubes (ENIAC) 1873
2nd Generation Transistors 1947
3rd Generation Integrated Circuits (ICs) 1949
4th Generation Large Scale ICs (LSI) 1974
5th Generation Very Large and Ultra 1986-1989
Large Scale ICs (VLSI & 1989-2005
ULSI)
Current Generation System-on-a-chip / AI 2005 - date
DISCUSSION
• CURRENT TREND
 HOW WAS IT POSSIBLE?
What is observed however, is that
throughout the evolutionary stages,
computers continually increased in
functionality and shrunk in size, leading to a
vast number of uses and a vast number and
variety of operating systems to meet these
uses. This was made possible as a result of
trade-offs in cost, speed / performance,
reliability, design complexity &
LOGIC GATES
• The majority of the trade-offs that have characterized the
evolution of Computers took place at the lower levels of
the Computer Architecture: the logic / machine state level.
• Gates and other digital logic circuitry that functions at the
most fundamental layer of the computer has been one of
the focal points of the integrations and miniaturizations
that have brought about the computers and computing
devices we know today.
• The Digital Logic Gate is the basic building block from
which all digital electronic circuits and microprocessor-
based systems are constructed.
OVERVIEW OF LOGIC GATES
Class Work
 MOORES LAW [1]
In 1965, Gordon Moore co-founder of the
Intel corporation predicted that “The number
of transistors and resistors on a single chip
will double every 18 months” regarding the
development of semiconductor gate
technology. When Gordon Moore made his
famous comment way back in 1965 there
were approximately only 60 individual
transistor gates on a single silicon chip or die.

Source: [1] http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/logic/logic_1.html - Retrieved September 14, 2016

 MOORES LAW [1] (contd.)
The world’s first microprocessor in 1971 was
the Intel 4004 which had a 4-bit data bus and
contained about 2,300 transistors on a single
chip, operating at about 600kHz. Today, the
Intel Corporation has placed a staggering 2.95B
transistors individual transistor gates onto the
world's fastest desktop CPU - an unlocked 5.5
GHz Core i9. the 12th gen processor Core i9-
12900KS, which can run at 5.5GHz max
frequency.
Source: [1] http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/logic/logic_1.html - Retrieved September 14, 2016
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Hennessy, & Patterson (2007). Computer
Architecture: A Quantitative Approach (Fourth
Edition). San Francisco. Elsevier.
2. Stallings (2010). Computer Organization and
Architecture (Eighth Edition). New Jersey.
Prentice-Hall.
3. Harris, & Harris (2012). Digital Design and
Computer Architecture (Second Edition). San
Francisco. Elsevier.
 N
I O
ST
E
U
Q ?
S
Image Source: http://iamforkids.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/j04278101.jpg - Retrieved Online on January 11, 2016
ANNOUNCEMENTS!!!
 L E
DU
M O
O F
ND
E
 COSC 425 quiz
(1)The worlds first microprocessor was built in
the ------- and named ---------------
(2) State Moore’s Law and explain the
implications in microprocessor manufacturing. –
(Energy and power consumption)
(3)Differentiate between computer organisation
and architecture.
(4)Explain the ISA level in Computer
architecture.
Source: [1] http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/logic/logic_1.html - Retrieved Septembe 14, 2016