Operating

System
A.K

1
 Outlin
e
• What is an Operating
System?
• Operating System
Functions
• Operating System
features
• Operating System variants

2
 Operating
• System
A modern computer system consists of:
– one or more processors,
– main memory, disks, printers,
– a keyboard, a display,
– network interfaces, and
– other input output devices,
– All in all, a complex system.
• In order to:
– Manage all these devices for granting proper
function and interaction with each other,
– To create user friendly environment, and
– User programs with a simpler interface to the
hardware,
• there is a program known as Operating 3

system.
 What is an Operating
System?
• A program that acts as an intermediary
between a user of a computer and the
computer hardware.
• Operating system goals:
– Manage computer system resources.
– Make the computer system convenient to use.

• Use the computer hardware in an efficient

manner.
• To manage and share/multiplex resources
in time and space (resource manager).
– Time multiplexing – E.g. sharing CPU,
4
printer...
– Resource multiplexing – E.g. sharing main
memory
 What is an Operating
System?...
An operating system is:
A collection of software components that
• Provides useful abstractions and
• Manages resources to
• Support application programs, and
• Provide an interface for users and programs

Resource allocator – manages and allocates

resources. Control program – controls the
execution of user programs and operations of
I/O devices.
5
 What does Operating System
•
do?
Manages all the resources
in a computer (including
processor, memory, i/o
devices)
• Provides an interface
between the hardware
and application software.
• Three layers:
• Inner layer, computer
hardware
• Middle layer, operating
system
• Outer layer, different 6

software
 Operating System
Functions
• An operating system’s main functions
are:

– Multiprogramming, multiprocessor
– Computer resource management
– Provides a user interface
– Runs software utilities and programs
– Schedule jobs
– Provide tools to configure the operating
system and hardware
– Administers user actions and accounts
– Enforce security measures
7
 Operating System
Functions…
An operating system’s main functions
are:…
• Schedule processes & multiplex CPU
• Provide mechanisms for IPC and
synchronization
• Manage main memory
• Manage other resources (E.g,
Input/Output)
• Provide convenient persistent storage
(files)
• Maintain system integrity, handle failures
• Enforce security policies (e.g., access 8

control)
• Give users and processes an interface
Operating System
functions

9
 Operating System
• features
Authentication of users
– password, passphrase comparison,
biometrics, digital authentication (SSL, CA, PKI,
Kerberos, DS)
• Mandatory (enforce multilevel security by
classifying the data and users into various
security classes) and
• Discretionary Access Control (grant privileges to
users)
• Protection of memory
– user space, paging, segmentations
• File and I/O device access control
To preserve
– access integrity,
control matrix consistency
10
(critical 10
section)
• Enforcement of sharing resources
 Operating System
features…
• Fair service
– no starvation and deadlock
• Inter-process communication &
synchronization
– Shared variable (e.g, using semaphores)
• Protection of data
– encryption, isolation
–…

11
 Computer System
Components
1.Hardware – provides basic computing resources
(CPU, memory, I/O devices).
2.Operating system – controls and coordinates the
use of the hardware among the various
application programs for the various users.
3.Applications programs – define the ways in which
the system resources are used to solve the
computing problems of the users (compilers,
database systems, video games, business
programs).
4.Users (people, machines, other computers).

12
Abstract View of System
Components

13
Operating System Type

14
 Mainframe
Systems
• The Operating systems for main frames are
heavily oriented towards processing of
many jobs at once (many I/O devices).
• Reduce setup time by batching similar jobs.
• Automatic job sequencing – automatically
transfers control from one job to another.
• They typically offer three kinds of services:
– Batch System
– Transaction processing system
– Time sharing system

15
 Memory Layout for a Simple Batch
System
Batch system - is one
that processes routine
jobs in the absence of
interactive user.

E.g: Multiprogrammed
Batch Systems

Several jobs are kept in

main memory at the same
time, and the CPU is
multiplexed among them.
16
 OS Features Needed
for
Multiprogramming
• I/O routine supplied by the system.

• Memory management – the system must

allocate the memory to several jobs.

• CPU scheduling – the system must choose

among several jobs ready to run.

• Allocation of resources.

17
 Transaction processing
system
• handles large number of small requests.
• Each unit of work is small but the system
must handle thousands per second.
• E.g. check processing at bank, airline
reservation.

18
Time-Sharing Systems–Interactive
Computing
• The CPU is multiplexed among several jobs that
are kept in memory and on disk (the CPU is
allocated to a job only if the job is in memory).
– A job swapped in and out of memory to the disk.
– On-line communication between the user and the
system is provided;
• when the operating system finishes the execution of one
command, it seeks the next “control statement” from the
user’s keyboard.
– On-line system must be available for users to
access data and code.

19
 Desktop Operating
Systems
• Personal computers – computer system dedicated
to a single user.
– I/O devices – keyboards, mice, display screens,
small printers.
– User convenience and responsiveness.

• Often individuals have sole use of computer and

do not need advanced CPU utilization of
protection features.
• May run several different types of operating
systems (Windows, MacOS, UNIX,…)
• Linux (RedHat, OpenSuSe, Fedora, Obuntu,..)
20
 Parallel Systems
• (Multiprocessor OS)
Connecting multiples CPU’s into a single system.
• Multiprocessor systems with more than on CPU
in close communication.
• Tightly coupled system – processors share bus,
memory, clock and peripheral device.
• communication usually takes place through the
shared memory.
• Advantages of parallel system:
– Increased throughput
– Economical - they can share mass storage,
peripherals,…
– Increased reliability
• If one fail, the other will take responsibility 21
 Multiprocessors
OS…
• Like a uniprocessor
operating system
• Manage multiple
CPUs transparently
to the user
• Each processor has its
own hardware cache
– Maintain consistency
of cached data
A

b
u 22
s
-
b
 Multiprocessor
• Are
OS…
similar to
multiprogrammed
uniprocessor operating
systems in many respects
and
– they perform
resource
management and
– hide unpleasant features of
the hardware to provide a
• Arehigh-level
more machine
complex
abstraction to the
because users.
multiple
processors execute
tasks concurrently
– with physical concurrency
as opposed to virtual 23
concurrency in
multiprogrammed
uniprocessors.
 Parallel Systems (Multiprocessor
OS)… multiprocessing (SMP)
• Symmetric
– Each processor runs an identical copy of the operating
system.
– There is one copy of the supervisor or kernel that
can be executed by all processors concurrently.
– Many processes can run at once without
performance deterioration.

Bus
• Most modern operating systems support
SMP
• It permits the parallel execution of a 24

single task.
• Examples : Hydra OS
 Parallel Systems (Multiprocessor
OS)… multiprocessing
• Asymmetric
– Master-slave. Operating system in master
processor.
– Each processor except master is assigned a
specific task
– master processor schedules and allocated work
to slave processors.
– More common in extremely large systems

Issue Bus
s Failure of the master processor.
•
• The master can become a bottleneck
• Examples : Cyber 170 and DEC(Digital Equipment 25
corporation)
 Multiprocessor
OS… Configuration
Separate supervisor
• Each CPU has its own operating system
• There is very little coupling among processors and
• each processor acts as an autonomous, independent
system.

Bus

• There are some common data structures

for the interaction among processors
The access to which is protected by using
some synchronization mechanism (such as 26
semaphores).
Uniprocessor Operating
Systems

Separating applications from OS code

through a microkernel
27
 Multicomputer (DS) Operating
Systems
More complex than multiprocessor OS
– Because communication has to be done through explicit
message passing

General structure of a multicomputer operating

system 28
 Server Operating
• System
They run on servers, which are very large
personal computers, workstations, or even
mainframes.
• They serve multiple users at once over a
network.
• They allow the users to share HW and SW
resources.
• E.g. Server can provide print service, file service,
or web service.
• Typical server operating systems are UNIX, Window
2003, and Linux…

29
 Network Operating
System
• Bridges, Routers, Wireless access
points

30
 Network Operating
System…
General structure of a network operating
system

31
 Network Operating
System…
Employs a client-server
model

Two clients and a server in a network operating

system 32
 Network Operating
System…
• Users are aware of multiplicity of
machines.
• Access to resources of various machines
is done explicitly by
• Remote logging into the appropriate remote
machine.
• Transferring data from remote machines to local
machines, via the File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
mechanism.

33
 Distributed Operating
• System
Distribute the computation among several
physical processors.
• Loosely coupled system – each processor has its own
local memory, clock, peripheral devices,…
• processors communicate with one another through
various communications lines, such as high-speed
buses or telephone lines.
• Advantages of distributed systems.
– Resources Sharing
– Computation speed up – load sharing
– Reliability
– Communications
34
 Distributed Operating
• Users System…
not aware of
multiplicity of machines.
• Manages resources in a
distributed system
– Seamlessly and transparently to the
user
• Looks to the user like a
centralized OS
– But operates on multiple
independent CPUs
• Provides transparency
– Location, migration,
concurrency, replication,…
• Presents users with a 35
virtual uniprocessor
 Distributed Operating
Systems…
• Requires networking infrastructure.
• Local area networks (LAN) or Wide
area networks (WAN)
• May be either client-server or peer-
to-peer systems.

36
 Distributed OS vs. Network
OS.

User is not aware of User is aware of the

the multiple CPUs. existence of multiple CPUs.
Each machine runs a part Each machine has its
of the Distributed own private Operating
Operating System. System.
 The system is fault-  The system is not
toleran 37
tolerant. t. fault-
 Positioning
Middleware
General structure of a distributed system as
middleware

38
 Types of Operating
System
SystemsDescription Main Goal

Tightly-coupled OS for multi- Hide and

DOS
processors and homogeneous manage
multicomputers hardware
resources
Loosely-coupled OS for Offer local
NOS
heterogeneous multicomputers services to
(LAN and WAN) remote clients
Additional layer a top of NOS Provide
Middleware
implementing general-purpose distribution
An overview
services of transparency

• DOS (Distributed Operating

Systems)
• NOS (Network Operating
39
Systems)
• Middleware
 Middleware and
Openness

• In an open middleware-based distributed

system,
- the protocols used by each middleware layer should
be the same,
- the interfaces they offer to applications should also 40
be the same
 Role of Middleware
(MW)
• MW tried to provide the illusion that a
collection of separate machines was a
single computer.
• MW also supports seamless access to remote
services, doesn’t try to look like a general-
purpose OS
• Examples of Middleware
– CORBA (Common Object Request Broker
Architecture)
– DCOM (Distributed Component Object
Management)
– RPC (Remote Procedure Call)
41
– RMI (Remote Method Invocation)
– Socket (TCP,UDP)
 Middleware
• Examples…
All of the previous examples support
communication across a network:
• They provide:
– protocols that allow a program running on one
kind of computer,
– using one kind of operating system,
– to call a program running on another computer
– with a different operating system

• The communicating programs must be

running the
same middleware.
42
 Real-Time Operating
• Systems
Often used as a control device in a dedicated
application such as controlling scientific
experiments, industrial control systems,…
• These systems are characterized by having time
as a key parameter.
– E.g. Governor, which is used to control the flow of
water in the production of power, Industrial process
controls system.
• If the action absolutely must occur at a certain
moment (or within a certain range), we have a
hard real time OS.
– E.g. Governor, flight control system, air bag in a car…
• Another kind of real time system is a soft real time
operating system, in which missing an occasional
deadline is acceptable. 43

– E.g. Digital audio or multimedia systems.

 Embedded Operating
Systems
• Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs)
• Cellular telephones, smart phones,
…
• E.g, Windows CE (Consumer
Electronics)
• PalmOS, Android OS,…
• Issues:
– Limited memory
– Slow processors
– Small display screens. 49
 What is an embedded
system?
Embedded System = Computer
Inside a Product.

50
 Embedded
• systems…
Embedded computing
systems
Computers are in here...
within– electronic
Computing devices
systems
embedded and here...

– Billions of units produced

and even here...
yearly, versus millions of
desktop units
– Perhaps >50 per household
and per automobile
Lots more of these,

– A lot more programming is though they cost a lot

less each.

done for embedded

systems than desktop 5
computers or servers 1
 Embedded Operating
Systems…
• Many different
platforms:
– J2ME
– Android
– Apple iPhone
– Microsoft Windows Mobile
– Blackberry
– PalmWebOS
– Nokia (C/C++, Python)
• Symbian (S60, S80)

52
Product: Cannon EOS
3D Digital Camera
Microprocessor: DIGIC
II Image Processor

Media players are embedded

systems.
Microsoft’s Zune Multimedia player
uses an ARM processor and the
Windows CE Operating System.
Product: Microsoft’s Zune
Portable Media
Device
Microprocessor:
ARM OS: 48

Windows CE
 Embedded
OS…
Industrial Automation
• Process and plant control systems in
nuclear power plants, Hydro power
plants, industries.

49
 Embedded
OS…
Automotive Electronics

Product: S class
Mercedes
Microprocessors: around
100 embedded
processors !

• Dashboard electronics such as the radio, air

conditioning, and satellite navigation system,
Airbags,…
Efficient automatic gearboxes, media, safety …
50
 Embedded
Aircrafts OS…

• Flight control systems,

• Pilot information
systems,
• Power supply system,
• Entertainment system,

51
Embedded
OS…
Product: Samsung
BlackJack II
Smartphone

Microprocessor: TI
OMAP (ARM +
DSP)

OS: Windows Mobile

6 (CE)
58
 WSN Operating
systems
TinyOS
The “Linux” of
FreeRTO sensor node OS
S RETOS
C/OS II
AMBIENT RT
Nano- Developed by ETRI
Qplus
Android
Developed for
Windows
mobile
CE Contiki phone

62
 Wireless Sensor
Networks
Control (actuator) and monitor (sensor)
networks Initial approach
Data collecting
networks Wired

Present approach
Ad-hoc capacity

Local processing

Wireless Easy
deployment

63
 Smart card operating
system
• The smallest operating system runs on
smart card.
• Contains CPU chip.
• Processing power and memory
constraints.
• They handle a single function like
electronic payment
• Some of them are java oriented.

55