Lectures on Computer Graphics

Designed and Presented by

Anwar kade
Dept. of computer science

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 Lecture 1
Introduction to Computer Graphics
 what is computer graphics?
• Computer graphics also often means the whole
field of study that involves these tools and the
pictures they produce.

• Main tasks in CG:

– modeling: creating and representing the geometry
of objects in the 3D world
– rendering: generating 2D images of the objects
– animation: describing how objects change in time

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 So, what is computer graphics?
Modeling
• Taking the real and turning
it into the virtual.
• Explaining real world or
fantastic objects using
mathematics.
• If the image does not exist
in real life, a blueprint is
drawn by an artist.
• A wire frame is the
simplest form of model.

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 So, what is computer graphics?
Rendering
• Drawing the Image
• Color
• Lighting
• Shading
• Surface Texture
• Shadows
• Reflection and Transparency
• Intersection

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 So, what is computer graphics?
Animation
• Controlling the
movement of objects.
• Laws of Physics
• Biomechanics/
Kinesiology
• Lip Synch
• Special Effects

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 Introduction to Computer Graphics
Computer Graphics (CG) is an area of computer
science and engineering that plays an important
role in almost every application of computer
software. For example:

•The spreadsheets allow you to create charts to

see data.
•CG’s enhanced entertainment by providing new
kinds of cartoons and special effect.
•CG’s enabled us to see and understand
scientific principles.
•CG’s is everywhere we turn.
 Introduction to Computer Graphics
Computer graphics were used routinely in such
diverse areas as
•Science and engineering,
•medicine,
•business,
•industry,
•government,
•art,
•Entertainment and advertising,
•Education and training
•simulations and graph presentations.
 Introduction to Computer Graphics

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 What is computer graphic
Computer graphics is the art and science of
creating images by:
•Programming the geometry and appearance of
the contents of the images,

•Displaying the results of that programming on

appropriate devices that support graphical
output and interaction.
•Uses a graphics API’s that supports the
necessary modeling and does most of the
detailed work of rendering the scene that is
defined through the programming.
 Presentation Options
• Frame-by-frame: A single frame can be drawn
while the user waits. (very boring)
• Frame-by-frame under control of the user: A
sequence of frames can be drawn, as in a
PowerPoint® presentation; the user presses a
key to move onto the next slide, but
otherwise has no way of interacting with the
slides. (much less boring)

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 Presentation Options
• Animation: A sequence of frames proceeds at a
particular rate while the user watches with delight;
(exciting, as in such animated movies as The
Incredibles® and Shrek® )
• Interactive Program: In an interactive graphics
experience, the user controls the flow from one
frame to another using an input device such as a
mouse or keyboard in a manner that was
unpredictable at the time the program was written.
This can delight the eye. A computer game is a
familiar case of an interactive graphics presentation.
(delightful!)

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 The work of the programmer is
• Develop appropriate representations for the
geometric objects of the images.
• Assemble these objects into an appropriate
geometric space.
• Specify how the scene is to be viewed and
how it will be displayed on the graphic device.
• Define some animation for the image.

• Design a ways for the user to interact with the

scene as it is presented.
 Computer Graphics Tools
• Tools are both software and hardware.
– Hardware tools include video monitors, graphics
cards, and printers that display graphics.
– They also include input devices such as a mouse,
or trackball that let users point to items and draw
figures.

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 Computer Graphics Tools (2)
• Software tools: the operating system, editor,
compiler, and debugger you commonly use.
– Graphics routines: e.g., functions to draw a simple
line or circle (or characters such as G).
– Functions to manage windows with pull-down
menus, input, and dialog boxes.
– Functions to allow the programmer to set up a
camera in 3D coordinate system and take
snapshots of objects.

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 Device Independent Graphics
• Device independent graphics libraries that
allow the programmer to use a common set of
functions within an application, and to run the
same application on a variety of systems and
displays are available.
• OpenGL is such a library, and is the tool we
shall use in this book. The OpenGL way of
creating graphics is used widely in both
academia and industry.

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 Computer Graphics API’s
• API’s (Application Programming Interface) is a set
of tools that allow a programmer to work in an
oriented application area.
• Allow the programmer to design applications
using the concepts of the area without having
to deal with the details of the computer
system.
• Graphic API’s is a set of tools that allow a
programmer to write applications that include
the use of interactive computer graphics
without dealing with system details for tasks
such as window handling and interactions.
 Computer Graphics and Image
Processing
• Computer graphics create pictures and images based
on some description, or model, in a computer.
• Image processing improves or alters images that
were created elsewhere.
– Processing can remove noise from an image, enhance its
contrast, sharpen its edges, and fix its colors.
– Software routines can search for certain features in an
image, and highlight them to make them more noticeable
or understandable.

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 Why do we use computer graphics
CG’s are used to create images for:
•Science (scientific visualization, explanations to
the public).
•Entertainment (movies, video games, special
effects).
•Creative work (art, interactive installations).
•Commercial purposes (advertising,
communication, product design).
•General communication (animated weather
displays, information graphics).
 Why do we use computer graphics
GC can solve a lot of problems:
•Identifying a problem.
•Addressing the problem by building the model.
•Identifying a way to represent the problem
geometrically.
•Creating an image from that geometry so that
the problem can be seen visually.
•Use the image to understand the problem or the
model and to try to understand a possible
solution.
Why do we use computer graphics
 Computer Graphics Applications
•Computer Aided Design

•Presentation of graphics

•Computer Art

•Entertainment

•Education And training

•Visualization

•Image Processing

•GUI
 Computer Graphics Applications
Computer Aided Design (CAD)
•CAD methods are now routinely used in the design of
buildings, automobiles, aircraft, watercraft, spacecraft,
computers, textiles, and many, many other products.

•CAD is a software packages for electrical, electronic, and

logic circuits.

•Realistic displays are also generated for advertising of

automobiles and other vehicles using special lighting
effects and background scenes

•A circuit board layout

 Computer Graphics Applications
•Computer Aided Design
 Computer Graphics Applications
• Presentation Graphic
• Is commonly used to summarize financial, statistical,
mathematical, scientific, and economic data for
research reports, managerial reports, and other types
of reports. Typical examples of presentation graphics
are bar charts, line graphs, surface graphs, and other
displays showing relationships between multiple
parameters.
 Computer Graphics Applications
• Computer Art
Artists use a variety of computer methods
 Computer Graphics Applications
• Entertainment
CG methods are now commonly used in making
motion pictures, music videos, and television shows.
Sometimes the graphics scenes are displayed by
themselves, and sometimes graphics objects are
combined with the actors and live scenes.
 Computer Graphics Applications
• Education and Training
Models of physical systems, physiological systems,
population trends, or equipment, such as the color
coded diagram in Fig. , can help trainees to understand
the operation of the system.
the simulators for practice sessions or training of ship
captains, aircraft pilots, heavy-equipment operators,
and air traffic control personnel. But most simulators
provide graphics screens for visual operation.
 Computer Graphics Applications
• Visualization of Data
Scientists, engineers, medical personnel, business
analysts, and others often need to analyze large
amounts of information or to study the behavior of
certain processes. By produce data files containing
thousands and even millions of data values. Similarly,
satellite cameras.
 Computer Graphics Applications
Image Processing
modify or interpret existing pictures, such as
photographs and TV scans.

•Medicine
model and study physical functions, to design
artificial limbs, and to plan and practice surgery.
 Computer Graphics Applications
• Graphical User Interface (GUI)
 Volume Visualization
• Areas of different colors immediately inform a
physician about the health of each part of the
brain.

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 Displaying Mathematical Functions
• E.g., Mathematica®

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 Graphics applications
• Art, publicity

• Scientific visualization

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 Graphics applications
• Education and training

• User interfaces

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Graphics applications

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 Graphics applications
• CAD

• Geographical info

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Graphics applications

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Graphics applications

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Graphics applications

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Graphics applications

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 Graphics applications
• Video Games

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Major Points of Computer Graphics
Major Points of Computer Graphics
Major Points of Computer Graphics
 Exercises 1
• What is the computer graphics?
• What can the programmer do in CG’s?
• How can we use CG’s in solving Problems?
• What is meant by Computer Graphics API’s?
• Why do we use computer graphics?
• What is the most common computer graphics
applications?
• Summarize the great variety of topics that
make up the study of computer graphics?