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com
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Computer History

Introduction to
AVR

Chapter 2
 Vacuum tube computers
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www.williamson-labs.com/480_cpu.htm

SAGE Blockhouse/Computer:
10,170m2, 250 tons, houses More than 200,000
vacuum tubes @ 3,000,000 Watts

2
 Transistor Computers
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• 2nd Generation
• From 1956
• Half a room

The Harwell Dekatron Computer under restoration at the British National Museum of Computing

3
 Invention of ICs
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• 3rd generation

IBM 360 made by ICs (1964)

4
 First microprocessors/Microcontrollers
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• TI TMS1000
• 4004 (from Intel)
• 6800 (Motorola)
TI TMS1000
(1971-1974)
http://www.antiquetech.com/

Intel 4004 (1971)

www.computerhistory.org

PICO1 (1971)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microprocessor
Motorola MC6800
(1974)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola_6800

5
 Now!
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Vacuum tubes
(1st generation)

19
56 Transistors
(2nd generation)

ICs (3rd Gen.)

19
71 Microprocessors/MCUs

tim
e

6
 General Purpose Microprocessors
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7
 General Purpose Microprocessors vs. Microcontrollers
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• General Purpose Microprocessors (uP)

General I/O Serial

Purpose RAM ROM Timer
Port Port
Micropro
cessor
(CPU) Buses

• Microcontrollers
Microcontroller
(uC)
I/O Serial
RAM ROM Timer
Port Port
CPU

Buses

8
 Microcontrollers
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9
 Most common microcontrollers
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• 8-bit microcontrollers
– AVR
– PIC
– HCS12
– 8051
• 32-bit microcontrollers
– ARM
– AVR32
– PIC32
– CodeFire
– PowerPC
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 Criteria for choosing a microcontroller
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1. it must meet the task at hand efficiently and cost effectively.

– whether an 8-bit, 16-bit, or 32-bit microcontroller can best handle the computing needs of the task
most effectively.
– Speed. What is the highest speed that the microcontroller supports?
– Packaging. Does it come in a DIP (dual inline package) or a QFP (quad flat package), or some other
packaging format? This is important in terms of space, assembling, and prototyping the end
product.
– Power consumption. This is especially critical for battery-powered products.
– The amount of RAM and ROM on the chip.
– The number of I/O pins and the timer on the chip.
– Ease of upgrade to higher-performance or lower-power-consumption versions.
– Cost per unit. This is important in terms of the final cost of the product in which a microcontroller
is used. For example, some microcontrollers cost 50 cents per unit when purchased 100,000 units at
a time.

11
 Criteria for choosing a microcontroller
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2. how easy it is to develop products around it.

– Key considerations include the availability of an assembler, a debugger, a code-efficient C language
compiler, an emulator, technical support, and both in-house and outside expertise.
– In many cases, third-party vendor (i.e., a supplier other than the chip manufacturer) support for the
chip is as good as, if not better than, support from the chip manufacturer.
3. Ready availability in needed quantities both now and in the future. Currently, of the
leading 8-bit microcontrollers, the 8051 family has the largest number of diversified
(multiple source) suppliers. (Supplier means a producer besides the originator of the
microcontroller.) In the case of the 8051, which was originated by Intel, many
companies also currently produce the 8051

12
www. Micro Digital Ed. com
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 AVR internal architecture
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28 pin
(PCINT14/RESET) PC6 1
RAM 28 PC5 (ADC5/SCL/PCINT13)
EEPROM Timers
(PCINT16/RXD) PD0 2 27 PC4 (ADC4/SDA/PCINT12)
PROGRAM (PCINT17/TXD) PD1 3 26 PC3 (ADC3/PCINT11)
ROM (PCINT18/INT0) PD2 4 MEGA328 25 PC2 (ADC2/PCINT10)
(PCINT19/OC2B/INT1) PD3 5 24 PC1 (ADC1/PCINT9)
Program
(PCINT20/XCK/T0) PD4 6 23 PC0 (ADC0/PCINT8)
Bus VCC 7 Bus 22 GND
CPU
GND 8 21 AREF
(PCINT6/XTAL1/TOSC1) PB6 9 20 AVCC
(PCINT7/XTAL2/TOSC2) PB7 10 19 PB5 (SCK/PCINT5)
(PCINT21/OC0B) PD5 11 18 PB4 (MISO/PCINT4)
(PCINT22/OC0A/AIN0) PD6 12 17 PB3 (MOSI/OC2A/PCINT3)
(PCINT23/AIN1) PD7 13 Interrupt 16 PB2 (SS/OC1B/PCINT2) Other
(PCINT0/CLKO/ICP1)OSC
PB0 14 15 Ports
PB1 (OC1A/PCINT1) Peripherals
Unit

I/O
PINS

14
 AVR different groups
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• Classic AVR
– e.g. AT90S2313, AT90S4433
• Mega
– e.g. ATmega8, ATmega32, ATmega128
• Tiny
– e.g. ATtiny13, ATtiny25
• Special Purpose AVR (Application Oriented AVR)
CBGA
– e.g. AT90PWM216,AT90USB1287
TSSOP SOIC
• XMega
– New features like DMA, DAC, crypto engine, etc.

15
 Let’s get familiar with the AVR part numbers
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ATtiny44 ATmega128 AT90S4433

Atmel Atmel Classi

Flash =4K Atmel group Flash =4K
Tiny Flash c
group =128K group

16
 Applications
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 Applications
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 Applications
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www. Micro Digital Ed. com
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20
 Applications
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 Applications
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 References
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• https://www.msu.edu/course/lbs/126/lectures/history.html
• www.williamson-labs.com/480_cpu.htm
• www.computerhistory.org
• The AVR Microcontroller and Embedded systems, Mazidi & Naimi
• http://www.antiquetech.com/
• http://en.wikipedia.org/
• https://www.microchip.com/en-us/product/ATMEGA328P

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