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Lecture 1 Introduction .

The document outlines the course details for the Material Technology module at the National Institute of Transport, including assessment methods and course content covering various types of materials such as metals, ceramics, polymers, and composites. It also discusses the properties of metals, including strength, elasticity, ductility, and hardness, as well as the basic structure of metals and their crystalline arrangements. References for further reading on metallurgy and material science are provided.

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5 views

Lecture 1 Introduction .

The document outlines the course details for the Material Technology module at the National Institute of Transport, including assessment methods and course content covering various types of materials such as metals, ceramics, polymers, and composites. It also discusses the properties of metals, including strength, elasticity, ductility, and hardness, as well as the basic structure of metals and their crystalline arrangements. References for further reading on metallurgy and material science are provided.

Uploaded by

regan12francis
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TRANSPORT

MODULE CODE -AET G5107 –MATERIAL TECHNOLOGY


DEPARTIMENT -AUTOMOTIVE AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
(AME).
• FACILITATOR: E. SUBIRA
• NUMBER OF CREDITS: 6
• NTA LEVEL:6 SEMISTER TWO
• ACADEMIC YEAR : 2024-2025
• INTERGRATED METHOD OF ASSESSMENT
 CONTINOUS ASSESSMENT -40%
 TEST 1&2-25%
INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT -5%
PRACTICAL S-10%
SEMESTER EXAMINATION_60%
COURSE CONTENTS.
1. Introduction.
2. Ferrous metal.
3. Non ferrous metal.
4. Heat treatment.
5. Material testing.
REFERENNCES
.Stoff, N.S. and Sikka, V.K. Physical metallurgy and
processing of intermetallic compound
• Campbell J.S, Principle of Manufacturing Material
and Process.
• Bawa H.S, Workshop Technology.
• Cottrell A, An Introduction to Metallurgy.
• Higgins R. A, Engineering Metallurgy
• Higgins R.S, Properties of Engineering Materials
• Schmid R.S, Manufacturing Engineering and
technology
1. INTRODUUCTION .
Material Technology; Is a relatively
comprehensive discipline that begins with the
production of goods from raw materials
processing into the shapes and forms needed
product for specific applications.
Materials Science; Is closely related to
materials technology. Materials Science is a
multidisciplinary field that connects material
properties to the material’s chemical composition,
micro-structure and crystal structure.
INTRODUCTION………..
• Materials are made up of matter and are anything that
have weight and occupy space.
• With the development of science and technology the
demand of different kind of material started increasing.
• The end of the 19th century and beginning of 20th
century gave birth to new materials. During this time
steel, aluminium, copper and plastics were developed
and used extensively. The most exciting development of
these days are polymers, ceramics and materials used
in electronics and computers.
2. CLASSIFICATION OF ENGINEERING
MATERIALS.
• The engineering materials are mainly classified as;
a. Metal and their alloys; Such as iron, steel,
copper ,Aluminium .etc
b. Non_ metals ; Such as glass, rubber, Plastic, etc
NOTE; The METALS are may be further classified as;
i. Ferrous metals and .
ii. Non_ Ferrous metals.
I; FERROUS METALS.
• Are those metals which have the iron as their main
constituent .
II;NON_FERROUS METALS.
• Are those which have a metal other than iron as their
main constituent .
CLASSIFICATION OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS
1. METALS AND ALLOYS

• Metals and alloys are inorganic materials


composed of one or more metallic
elements. They may also contains a small
number of non metallic elements .
Metals can be further classified as Ferrous
& Non-Ferrous, some examples include;

Ferrous Non-Ferrous
Steels Aluminium
Stainless Steels Copper
High Speed Steels Brass
Cast Irons Titanium
2. CERAMICS

• Ceramics are inorganic materials consisting


of both metallic and non metallic elements
bonded together chemically
• Example of ceramic materials are,
• Oxides (alumina, zirconia and
abrasives)
• Carbides (tungsten-carbide tools)
• Nitrides (cubic boron nitride)
Examples
3. POLYMERS
• Polymers are organic materials which
consists of long molecular chain or
networks containing carbon.
• Example of polymers are,
• Thermoplastic
• Thermoset
• Elastomers
Thermoplastics Thermosets Elastomers
Acrylics Epoxy resins Rubbers
Nylons Phenolic Silicones

PVC Polyesters Polyurethanes

Polyethylene
Examples
4. COMPOSITES
• Composites are mixture of two or more
types of materials. Usually they consist of
a matrix phase and a reinforced phase.
They designed to ensure a combination of
the best properties of each of the
components materials
• Examples of composites include;
• Reinforced Plastics
• Ceramic-matrix
• Metal-Matrix
• Laminates
Examples
• Because of their high strength/stiffness to weight ratio
they are widely used in the;
• Aerospace industry
• Offshore structures
• Boats
• Sporting goods
Examples
PROPERTIES OF METALS
• The important properties, which determine the
utility of the material are ;-
• Physical properties:- concerning the body
weight and fusibility
• Mechanical properties:- effects of external
forces on materials .e.g. compression tenacity.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS
CONSIDERING FACTORS IN
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF METAL.
In physical properties of the metals we include
the following ;-
i. Luster
ii. Colour
iii. Size
iv. Shape
v. Density
vi. Melting point
vii.Electrical and Thermal conductivity
Physical Properties of Metals
I. STRENGTH
• Strength;- It is the ability of a material to resist the
externally applied forces without breaking or yielding.
The internal resistance offered by a part to an externally
applied force is called “stress”.
• Types of Strength
• Tensile strength;-Is the ability of a material to withstand a
stretching load without breaking.
• Compressive Strength ;-The ability of a material to
withstand a squeezing load without breaking.
• Shear strength;-Is the ability of a materials to withstand off-
set loads or transverse cutting action.
II. STIFFNESS.
• Stiffness;- It is the ability of a material to resist
deformation under stress. The modulus of elasticity is the
measure of stiffness.
III. ELASTICITY
• Elasticity;- It is the property of a material to regain its
original shape after deformation when the external forces
are removed. This property is desirable for materials used
in tools and machines. It may be noted that steel is more
elastic than rubber.
IV. PLASTICITY
• Plasticity ;-It is property of a material which retains the
deformation produced under load permanently. This property of
the material is necessary for forgings, in stamping images on
coins and in ornamental work.

V. DUCTILITY
• Ductility;-It is the property of a material enabling it to be drawn
into wire with the application of a tensile force. A ductile material
must be both strong and plastic. The ductility is usually measured
by the terms, percentage elongation and percentage reduction in
area. The ductile material commonly used in engineering practice
(in order of diminishing ductility) are mild steel, copper,
aluminium, nickel, zinc, tin and lead
VI.BRITTLENESS
• Brittleness;- It is the property of a material opposite to ductility.
It is the property of breaking of a material with little permanent
distortion. Brittle materials when subjected to tensile loads, snap
off without giving any sensible elongation. Cast iron is a brittle
material.
VII. MALLEABILITY
• Malleability;- It is a special case of ductility which permits
materials to be rolled or hammered into thin sheets. A malleable
material should be plastic but it is not essential to be so strong.
The malleable materials commonly used in engineering practice
(in order of diminishing malleability) are lead, soft steel, wrought
iron, copper and aluminum.
VIII. RESILIENCE
• Resilience;- It is the property of a material to absorb energy and to
resist shock and impact loads. It is measured by the amount of energy
absorbed per unit volume within elastic limit. This property is
essential for spring materials
IX. TOUGHNESS

Toughness ;- It is the property of a material to resist


fracture due to high impact loads like hammer blows. The toughness of
the material decreases when it is heated. It is measured by the amount
of energy that a unit volume of the material has absorbed after being
stressed up to the point of fracture. This property is desirable in parts
subjected to shock and impact loads.
X.MACHINABILITY
• Machinability;- It is the property of a material which
refers to a relative case with which a material can be cut.
The machinability of a material can be measured in a
number of ways such as comparing the tool life for cutting
different materials or thrust required to remove the
material at some given rate or the energy required to
remove a unit volume of the material. It may be noted
that brass can be easily machined than steel
XI. CREEP.
• Creep ;-When a part is subjected to a constant stress
at high temperature for a long period of time, it will
undergo a slow and permanent deformation called
creep. This property is considered in designing internal
combustion engines, boilers and turbines
XII. FATIGUE.
• Fatigue;-When a material is subjected to repeated
stresses, it fails at stresses below the yield point
stresses. Such type of failure of a material is known as
“fatigue”. The failure is caused by means of a
progressive crack formation which are usually fine and
of microscopic size. This property is considered in
designing shafts, connecting rods, springs, gears, etc.
XIII. HARDNESS.
• Hardness;-It is a very important property of the metals
and has a wide variety of meanings. It embraces many
different properties such as resistance to wear,
scratching, deformation and machinability etc. It
also means the ability of a metal to cut another
metal.
BASIC STRUCTURE OF METALS.
• When metal solidify from molten state, the atoms arrange
themselves into various orderly configurations , called crystals
and this arrangement of the atoms in crystal is called
crystalline structure
• The smallest group of atom showing the characteristics lattice
structure of particular metal is known as unit cell
STRUCTURE OF METALS

• Many metal exist in only one lattice form, some


however, can exist in the solid state in two or more
lattice forms, which particular from depending on the
conditions of temperature and pressure. Such metal are
said to be allotropic or polymorphic and the change
from one lattice to another called allotropic
transformation
Structure of metal cont……..
It has been proved mathematically that there are only fourteen
possible different ways in which points can be arranged in space so
that each point has identical surrounding.
Though there are fourteen possible ways in which a crystal can
rearrange it self in a systematic regular patterns, but the following
three are most common in metals
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
Close Packed Hexagonal (CPH)
1. Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
• The ion cores touch one another across a face diagonal. The cell
comprises the volume of the cube, which is generated from the centers
of the atoms at the corners.
• Each corner atom is shared among eight unit cells.
• A face centered atom is belongs to only two unit cells.
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
2.Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
• There are atoms located at eight corners and a single atom at the
center.
• Center and corner atoms touch one another along the cube diagonals
and the unit cell length (a) and atomic radius
Body Centered Cubic
(BCC)
3. Close Packed Hexagonal

• The top and bottom faces of the unit cell have six
atoms that form regular hexagons and a single atom in
the center.
• Another plane provides three additional atoms is
situated between top and bottom planes.
Close Packed Hexagonal
(CPH)
Examples
THANKS

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