ARRAYS

Single Dimension Arrays

 Notion of an array
 Array
– Homogeneous collection of variables of same
type.
– Group of consecutive memory locations.
– Linear and indexed data structure.
 To refer to an element, specify
– Array name
– Position number ( Index )
 Array Format
Elements of an array can be integers, floats,
characters etc.
All the elements share a common name with an
index called subscript.
In an array of n elements:

[0] [1] [2] [3] [n-1]

 Arrays - Why?
One example:

Employees’ salaries in a company.

Each salary is a float.
All the salaries could be stored as an array of floats.

Can then do things like:

Change an employee’s salary
Find out an employee’s salary
Get the total salary bill

and do it more easily than representing each salary as

a single float (convenience of representation)
 Arrays - Why? - Another Example

main()
main()
{
{
float sal1,sal2,sal3;
int sal[3], i=0;
scanf (“%f”,&sal1); while (i < 3)
{
scanf (“%f”,&sal2);
scanf (“%f”,&sal[i];
scanf (“%f”,&sal3); }
} }

Imagine having 100 variables…...

Memory Layout
 Declaration
When declaring arrays, specify
Data type of array ( integers, floats , characters…..)
Name of the array.
Size: number of elements
array_type array_name[ size ] ;
Example:
o int student[ 10 ] ;
o float my_array [ 300 ] ;
 memory addresses
Example
For example, Square bracket
int x [ 4 ] ; 1004
1006
An array of integers of 4
elements. 1008 (x[0])
Note that the starting 1010 (x[1])
memory address is
determined by the operating 1012 (x[2])
system (just like that of 1014 (x[3])
simple variable).
Contiguous memory 1016
locations are allocated. 1018
 Examples
 Integer array of 20 elements:
int array_1 [ 20 ];

 Character array of 50 elements:

char array_2 [ 50 ];

 Float array of 100 elements:

float array_3 [ 100 ];
 sizeof()
The amount of storage required to hold an array is
directly related to its data type and the size.

Example
Total size in bytes for a 1 D array:
total bytes = sizeof( data type) * size of array

int a [ 7 ] ;
total_bytes = 4 * 7
= 28 bytes in memory
 Exercise
int main( ) {
float f1[10] ;
char c1[10] ;
printf(“%d”, sizeof(f1));
printf(“%d”, sizeof(c1));
return(0);
}

Output:
40
10
 Example 1
Write a program to read 10 integers from the
user and display them.

int main( void) {

int digit[ 10 ] , t ;
printf(“ \n Enter the value of 10 integers “ ) ;
/ * for reading 10 integers from the user using scanf * /
for( t = 0, t < 10 ; t + + )
scanf( “ %d”, &digit [ t ] );
/* for displaying the integers using printf */
for( t = 0, t < 10 ; t + + )
printf( “ %d”, digit [ t ] );
Return(0);}
 Exercise 1
 In an organization 100 employee are there. Write a
program to store the employee id and salary of all
the employees. Then input the employee id, and
display the salary of the employee.
 Solution
 Steps
Declare two arrays int emp_id[100]
Emp_id emp_sal
and float emp_sal[100]
0 0
Input the value of both the arrays
from the user. 1 1

2 2
Input the emp_id for which salary is
to be displayed.
…. ….
Search the above id in array
emp_id[ ] and get the index if match
found

In the second array display the

salary for the same index.
99 99
#include<stdio.h>
Solution
main()
{
int a[100],b[100],id,i;
printf(“eneter values");
for(i=0;i<=99;i++)
{
scanf("%d",&a[i]);
scanf("%d",&b[i]);
}
printf("enter emp id");
scanf("%d",&id);
printf("%d%d",a[id],b[id]);
}
 Exercise 2
Write a program to read 10 integers and add 5 to odd elements and 10 to even elements.
ARRAY Example
Grade lists
Sporting event times/scores
Telephone numbers
Voting tallies
Digitized images
Initializing arrays
Array elements must be initialized at time
of declaration, otherwise they may contain
garbage values
Initialization can be done either at compile
time or run time
Compile Time Initialization
Initialize elements of array in same way as
any other ordinary variables at time of
declaration
int number[3] = {0,0,0};
Float total[5] = {0.0,15.75,10.34};
// first three elements of array will be
initialized; rest two will be initialized to 0.
// if initializer list exceeds size of array, it will
produce compiler error
 int digits [ 10 ] = { 3, 30, 300} ;
It will initialize only first three elements of array
All individual array elements that are not
assigned explicit initial values will automatically
be set to zero.
digits [ 0 ] = 3 digits [ 1 ] = 30 digits [ 2 ]=
300
digits [ 3 ] = 0 digits [ 4 ]= 0 digits[ 5 ]= 0
digits [ 7 ] = 0 digits [ 8 ] =0 digits [ 9 ] =0
 Initializing Integer arrays
Another way of initializing the elements of the array is
as follows:
o int array [ ] = { 2, 20, -30, 10, 100 } ;

•The array size need not be specified explicitly

when initial values are included as a part of array
declaration.
•Array size will automatically be set equal to the
number of initial values specified with in definition.
 Initializing Arrays
The second way is to
Initialize each array element separately

id[0]=1234;

id[2]=2883;

id[3]=2322;

id[4]=8888;

id[5]=8237;
Run time initialization
Explicitly initializing an array at run time
Normally used for large array size
Example:
for(i=0; i<100; i++)
{
if(i<50)
sum[i] = 0;
else
sum[i] = 1;
}
 Basics of character array
If you are required to store a group of character
like your name, city , or your college name, or
any word or text you need to define a array of
characters.

A char variable can hold a SINGLE character only

like
char c = ‘A’ ;
char c1=‘B’;

What if you need to store “Sachin Tendulkar” or

“MUMBAI” a string.
 Character Arrays
To hold a single string you need to declare a
single dimension character array
o char str [ 11 ] ;

When declaring a character array to hold a

string( group of characters), one need to declare
the array to be one character longer than the
largest string that it will hold

Example above array str[ 11 ] will hold 10

characters and a NULL character ( ‘\0’) at the
end
 How To Enter value ?

/* program to read user’s name and display it */

int main( )
{
char str [10 ] ;
printf( “ Enter your name “);
scanf(“ %s ”, str);
printf( “ Your name is : %s”, str); No need to put &
return 0;
}
In case of character arrays
Name of the array is the starting address of
the array
char str[10];
&str [ 0 ] => str
 Disadvantage of %s
 While reading a string using %s format specifier, it
does not scan the string after the space bar.

 For example
Schin Tendulkar
It will scan only “ Sachin ”.
It will IGNORE any space or tab space

How to scan a complete text of words?

 gets( )
gets( argument string) : Collects a string of
characters terminated by new line character ‘\n’
from the standard input stream ( stdin ).

It allows to input spaces, tabs and copies all the

character till new line into the argument string
and append a NULL character ‘\0’ at the end of it.

For example
char str [ 20 ] ;
gets( str ) ;
puts( )
puts( argument string ):
It displays the string of characters from
argument string to standard output till
NULL character and appends a new line
character at the end.

For example
puts ( str ) ;
EXAMPLE: Input ten numbers into an array,
using values of 0 to 99, and print out all numbers
except for the largest number..
/* to accept 10 values in the range 0 to 99 */
int size=10;
int value[size], i;
for (i=0; i< size; ++i)
{ scanf (“%d”,&value[i]);
if (value[i] > 99 || value[i] <0)
{ printf (“ enter only values within 0 -99 ”);
i--; }
}
/* to find the greatest among the list */
int maximum= 0;
for (i=0; i< size; i++)
{
if (maximum < value[i] )
maximum = value[i];
}
/* to print all the values other than the greatest */
for (i=0; i< size; i++)
{
if (value[i] != maximum )
printf (“%d”, value[i];
}
Home Assignment

Write a program to read a text from console and

display the number of words and lines in the
text.