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Programming Structures in Java - I (B)

The document provides an overview of Object Oriented Programming with Java, covering essential programming structures such as comments, data types, variables, operators, control flow, arrays, and strings. It explains different types of Java statements, tokens, literals, keywords, and variable scopes, along with type conversion and command-line arguments. The content is aimed at helping readers understand the foundational concepts of Java programming.

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Neha Sharma
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3 views33 pages

Programming Structures in Java - I (B)

The document provides an overview of Object Oriented Programming with Java, covering essential programming structures such as comments, data types, variables, operators, control flow, arrays, and strings. It explains different types of Java statements, tokens, literals, keywords, and variable scopes, along with type conversion and command-line arguments. The content is aimed at helping readers understand the foundational concepts of Java programming.

Uploaded by

Neha Sharma
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Object Oriented Programming

with Java

Programming
Structures in
Java

Rita Nagar
Assistant Professor, CSE Department MPGI
Outlines
1. Comments
2. Data types
3. Variables
4. Operators
5. Control Flow
6. Arrays & String

Object Oriented Programming in


Java statements

A statement specifies an action in a Java


program.
For example, a statement may tell to add
values of two variable x and y and assign their
addition to the variable sum. It then prints a
message to the standard output
Java statements can be classified into three categories:

Types of statement in Java

Declaration Expression Control flow


statement statement statement
Declaration statement
• A declaration statement is used to declare a variable.

• For example

A initialization statement is used to initialize a variable.


.
For example
Expression statement

• Expression is an essential building block of


any Java program.
• It is used to generate a new value.
Sometimes, we can also assign a value to a
variable.
• Expression is the combination of values,
variables, operators, and method calls.
• An expression with a semicolon at the end is
called an expression statement.
Example of expression
Control flow statement
Control-flow statements determine the order that statements
are executed.
If we want to execute a set of statements repeatedly for a
number of times or as long as a particular condition is true.
Java Tokens

• A token is the smallest element of a program that is


meaningful to the compiler.
• In Java, the program contains classes and methods.
Further, the methods contain the expressions and
statements required to perform a specific operation. These
statements and expressions are made up of tokens.
Types of Tokens

• Literals
• Keywords
• Variables
• Symbolic Constants
Literals

• Any constant value assigned to the variable is called


literal/constant.

• Literals in Java is a representation of boolean, numeric,


character, or string data.

• Literals represent fixed values in a source code.

• Once it has been defined cannot be changed.


Java supports several types of literals
• Integer literals: Used to represent integer values, such as 12, 15

• Floating-point literals: Used to represent floating-point values, such as 3.14159

• Boolean literals: Used to represent boolean values, such as true or false.

• Character literals: Used to represent single characters, enclosed in single


quotes, such as ‘a’ or ‘9’.

• String literals: Used to represent sequences of characters enclosed in double


quotes, such as “Hello, Btech (Sec-B) II semester!”.

• Null literal: Used to represent a reference that does not refer to any object,
represented by the keyword null.
Keywords

• Keywords are reserved words or pre-defined reserved words in


a programming language.

• Examples of keywords in Java include class, public, private, if,

else, while, for, switch, case, break, continue, return, and static,

among others.
Variables
• A variable is a container which holds the value while the Java
program is executed. A variable is assigned with a data type.
• Variable is a name of memory location.
Three types of variables in java

Local variable

Instance variable

Static variable
1) Local Variables
Local Variables are a variable that are declared inside the body of
a method.

2) Instance Variables
Instance variables are defined without the STATIC keyword .They
are defined Outside a method declaration. They are Object
specific and are known as instance variables.

3) Static Variables
Static variables are initialized only once, at the start of the
program execution. These variables should be initialized first,
before the initialization of any instance variables.
symbolic constant

• A symbolic constant is a named constant value defined once


and used throughout a program.
• Symbolic constants are declared using the final keyword. Which
indicates that the value cannot be changed once it is initialized

static final double PRICE=432.78


Data types
Data Types in Java are defined as specifiers that allocate different
sizes and types of values that can be stored in the variable or an
identifier. Java has a rich set of data types.

Data types in Java can be divided into two parts :


1.Primitive Data Types :- include integer, character, boolean, and
float

2.Non-primitive Data Types :- include classes, arrays and


interfaces.
Data type Bits Acquired In Memory
boolean 1
byte 8 (1 byte)
char 16 (2 bytes)
short 16(2 bytes)
int 32 (4 bytes)
long 64 (8 bytes)
float 32 (4 bytes)
double 64 (8 bytes)
Scope of variables

• Scope of a variable is the part of the program


where the variable is accessible.

Scope

Method
Block Scope
scope
Method Scope

Variables declared directly inside a method are available


anywhere in the method following the line of code in
which they were declared:
Method scope
Block Scope

• A block of code refers to all of the code


between curly braces {}.
• Variables declared inside blocks of code are
only accessible by the code between the curly
braces, which follows the line in which the
variable was declared
Example of block level

class Test
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
for (int x = 0; x < 4; x++)
{
System.out.println(x);
}

// Will produce error


System.out.println(x);
}
}
Type conversion

Type conversion

Widening Narrowing
Conversion
(Automatic) Explicit Conversion
Widening Conversion (Automatic)

The numeric data types are compatible with each other but no
automatic conversion is supported from numeric type to char or
Boolean. Also, char and Boolean are not compatible with each
other.
Explicit Conversion

If we want to assign a value of a larger data type to a smaller data


type we perform explicit type casting or narrowing.
Command-line arguments

The command line arguments in java are the arguments passed to


the program from the console.

The command line argument in java is the information passed to


the program at the time of running the program. It is the
argument passed through the console when the program is run.

Arguments within our java code is simple. They are stored as


an “array of Strings” passed to the main(). It is mostly named
as arg

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