C SARANYA

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
DEPT OF CSE
KIT-KALAIGNARKARUNANIDHI
INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY-CBE.
Conditions and Loops
• The if Statement
 The if Statement
• The Java if statement has the following syntax:
if (boolean-condition)
statement;
• If the Boolean condition is true, the statement
is executed; if it is false, the statement is
skipped
• This provides basic decision making capabilities
 Tempreture
class Temperature {
static final int THRESHOLD = 65;

public static void main(String[] args) {

InputRequestor input = new InputRequestor();
int temperature =
input.requestInt(“Enter the
temperature:”);
System.out.println(“Current temperature “+
temperature);
if (temperature < THRESHOLD)
System.out.println(“It’s cold in here!”);
}
}
 If statement flow diagram
if (condition)
statement;

condition

true

statement
 Boolean Expressions
• The condition of an if statement must evaluate to a
true or false result
• Java Operator
has several equality
Meaningand relational operators:
== equal to
!= not equal to
< less than
<= less than or equal to
> greater than
>= greater than or equal to

• More complex Boolean expressions are also possible

 Block Statements
• Several statements can be grouped together into a block
statement
• Blocks are delimited by braces
• A block statement can be used wherever a statement is called
for in the Java syntax

if (boolean-condition){
statement1;
statement2;
…
}
 Example - Temperature2
class Temperature2 {
static final int THRESHOLD = 65;

public static void main(String[] args) {

InputRequestor input = new InputRequestor();
int temperature =
input.requestInt(“Enter the
temperature:”);
System.out.println(“Current temperature “+
temperature);
if (temperature < THRESHOLD) {
System.out.println(“It’s cold in here!”);
System.out.println(“But we’ll survive.”);
}
}
}
 If .. Else Statement
• An else clause can be added to an if statement to
make it an if-else statement:

if (condition)
statement1;
else
statement2;

• If the condition is true, statement1 is executed; if the

condition is false, statement2 is executed
 Example - Temperature3
class Temperature3 {
static final int FREEZING_POINT = 32;

public static void main(String[] args) {

InputRequestor input = new InputRequestor();
int temperature =
input.requestInt(“Enter temperature:”);
if (temperature <= FREEZING_POINT)
System.out.println(“It’s freezing!”);
else
System.out.println(“Above freezing.”);
}
}
 If/else flow diagram
if (condition)
statement1;
else
statement2;

true
condition

statement1 statement2
 Nested If statements
• Since an “If” statement is a statement, it can appear inside another
if statement.

if (condition1)
if (condition2)
statement;

• It can also appear in an “else” clause

if (condition1)
statement1;
else if (condition2)
statement2;
 Nested If Example
// Reads 2 integers and compares them
class CompareExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
InputRequestor input = new InputRequestor();
int a = input.requestInt(“First number:”);
int b = input.requestInt(“Second number:”);
if (a != b){
if (a > b)
System.out.println(a+” is greater”);
else
System.out.println(b+” is greater”);
}else
System.out.println(“the numbers are equal”);
}
}
 Checking your Input
• When requesting input from the user, keep in mind that the input may be
invalid.
• It is good practice to check the validity of user input

int numberOfItems =
input.requestInt(“Enter number of items:”);
if (numberOfItems < 0) {
System.out.println(
“Number of items must be positive!”);
} else {
double price = numberOfItems * ITEM_PRICE;
System.out.println(“The total price is:“ +price);
}
 Conditions and
Loops
• Boolean Expressions
 Logical Operators
• Boolean expressions may be combined using logical
operators
• There are three logical operators
Operator in Java:
Operation
! Logical NOT
&& Logical AND
|| Logical OR

• They all take Boolean operands and produce Boolean results

• Logical NOT is unary (one operand), but logical AND and OR
are binary (two operands)
 Logical NOT
• The logical NOT is also called logical negation
or logical complement
• If a is true, !a is false; if a is false, then !a is
true
a !a
• Logical expressions
false can be shown using truth
true
tables true false
 Logical AND
• The expression a && b is true if both a and
b are true, and false otherwise
• Truth tables show all possible combinations of
all terms
a b a && b
false false false
false true false
true false false
true true true
 Logical OR
• The expression a || b is true if a or b or
both are true, and false otherwise

a b a || b
false false false
false true true
true false true
true true true
 Logical Operators
• Logical operators are used to form more complex
logical expressions
if (a<1 || a%2!=0)
System.out.println(
“The input should be an even even number!”);

• Logical operators have precedence relationships

between themselves and other operators
 Logical Operators
• Full expressions can be evaluated using truth
tables
a < 1 a%2!=0 a<1 || a%2=0
false false false
false true false
true false false
true true true
 Boolean variables
•boolean
Boolean
b, c;
expressions can be assigned to
b =Boolean
(x > 17);variables
c = (x>17) && (x<60);

boolean b, c;
b = (x > 17);
• Boolean variables are Boolean expressions
c = b && (x<60);
if (c)
System.out.println(“x is in range”);
 Example - RightTriangle
// Receives the length of the edges of a triangle
// and determine if this is a right triangle
class RightTriangle {
public static void main(String[] args) {
InputRequestor input = new InputRequestor();
float a = input.requestInt(“Edge1:”);
float b = input.requestInt(“Edge2:”);
float c = input.requestInt(“Hypotenuse:”);
boolean test = a*a+b*b == c*c;
if (test)
System.out.println(“It’s a right triangle”);
else
System.out.println(“It’s not a right
triangle”);
}
}
 conditions and loops

• The while Statement

 The while statement
• A while statement has the following syntax:
while (condition)
statement;
• If the condition is true, the statement is executed; then the
condition is evaluated again
• The statement is executed over and over until the condition
becomes false
• If the condition of a while statement is false initially, the
statement is never executed
• Therefore, we say that a while statement executes zero or
more times
 While statement flow diagram
while (condition)
statement;

condition

true

statement
 Example - Counter
// Counts from 1 to 5
class Counter {
static final int LIMIT = 5;

public static void main(String[] args) {

int count = 1;
while (count <= LIMIT) {
System.out.println(count);
count = count + 1;
}
System.out.println(“done”);
}
}
 Examples - Factors
// Gets an integer and prints its factors
class FactorsExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
InputRequestor input = new InputRequestor();
int a = input.requestInt(“Enter a number:”);
int i = 1;
System.out.println(“The divisors of “+a+”
are:”);
while (i <= a) {
if (a%i == 0) {
System.out.println(i);
}
i = i + 1;
}
}
}
 Infinite Loops
• The body of a while loop must eventually
make the condition false
• If not, it is an infinite loop, which will execute
until the user interrupts the program
• This is a common type of logical error --
always double check that your loops will
terminate normally
 Example - Forever
// This program contains an infinite loop
class Forever {
static final int LIMIT = 25;

public static void main(String[] args) {

int count = 1;
while (count <= LIMIT) {
System.out.println(count);
count = count - 1;
}
}
}
 conditions and loops

• More conditionals
 The Conditional Operator
• Java has a conditional operator that evaluates a
Boolean condition that determines which of two
expressions is evaluated
• The result of the chosen expression is the result of the
entire conditional operator
• Its syntax is:
condition ? expression1 :
expression2
• If the condition is true, expression1 is evaluated; if it is
false, expression2 is evaluated
 The Conditional Operator
• It is similar to an if-else statement, except that
it is an expression that returns a value
int max = (a > b) ? a : b;
• For example:

• If a is greater that b, then a is assigned to max;

otherwise, b is assigned to max
• The conditional operator is ternary, meaning it
requires three operands
 The Conditional Operator
• Another example:
System.out.println ("Your change is " + count +
((count == 1) ? "Dime" : "Dimes”));

• If count equals 1, "Dime" is printed,

otherwise "Dimes" is printed
 Another Selection Statement
• The if and the if-else statements are selection statements,
allowing us to select which statement to perform next based on
some Boolean condition

• Another selection construct, called the switch statement,

provides another way to choose the next action

• The switch statement evaluates an expression, then attempts

to match the result to one of a series of values

• Execution transfers to statement list associated with the first

value that matches
 The switch Statement
• The syntax of the switch statement is:
switch (expression) {
case value1:
statement-list1
case value2:
statement-list2
case …
}
 The switch Statement
• The expression must evaluate to an integral
value, such as an integer or character
• The break statement is usually used to
terminate the statement list of each case,
which causes control to jump to the end of the
switch statement
• A default case can be added to the end of
the list of cases, and will execute if no other
case matches
/**
The switch Statement
* A client that enables you to connect to the
* bank server and make remote banking operations...
*/
public class BankClient {
public static final int VIEW_BALANCE = 1;
public static final int VIEW_SAVINGS = 2;
public static final int CASH_TRANSFER = 3;
public static final int VIEW_LAST_OPERATIONS =
4;
// ...
 The switch Statement
// Inside the main loop of the client:
int option =
InputRequestor.requentInt(“Enter your choice:”);
switch(option) {
case VIEW_BALANCE:
showBalance();
break;
case VIEW_SAVINGS:
showSavings();
break;
default:
output.showMessage(“No such option!”);
}
 conditions and loops

Shorthand Operators
 Shorthand Operators
• Many operations are very commonly used
x = x + 1;
sum = sum + x;

• Java has shorthand notations for these

– increment and decrement operators
– assignment operators
 The Increment and Decrement Operators

• The increment operator (++) adds one to its

integer or floating point operand
• The decrement operator (--) subtracts one
count++;
• The statement
count = count + 1;
is essentially equivalent to
 The Increment and Decrement Operators

• The increment and decrement operators can be

applied in prefix (before the variable) or postfix
(after the variable) form
• When used alone in a statement, the prefix and
count++;
postfix forms are basically equivalent. That is,
++count;

is equivalent to
 The Increment and Decrement Operators

• When used in a larger expression, the prefix

and postfix forms have a different effect
• In both cases the variable is incremented
(decremented)
Expressions Operation Value Of expression
• But the value used in the larger expression
count++ add 1 old value
depends
++count
on the
add 1
form new value
count-- subtract 1 old value
--count subtract 1 new value
The Increment and Decrement Operators
• If count currently contains 45, then
total = count++;

assigns 45 to total and 46 to count

• If count
total currently
= ++count; contains 45, then

assigns the value 46 to both total and

count
The Increment and Decrement Operators
• If sum contains 25, what does this
statement print?
System.out.println (sum++ + " " +
++sum + " " +
sum + " " +
sum--);

• Prints the following result:

25 27 27 27

• sum contains 26 after the line is complete

 Assignment Operators
• Often we perform an operation on a variable,
then store the result back into that variable
• Java provides assignment operators that
simplify
sum that process
+= value;

• For example, the statement

sum = sum + value;

is equivalent to
 Assignment Operators
• There are many such assignment operators,
always written as op= , such as:
Operator Example Equivalent to
+= x+=y x = x + y
-= x-=y x = x - y
*= x*=y x = x * y
/= x/=y x = x / y
%= x%=y x = x % y
 Assignment Operators
• The right hand side of an assignment operator
can be a complete expression
• The entire right-hand expression is evaluated
first, /=
result then combined with the additional
total-MIN;

operation
result = result / (total-MIN);
• Therefore
result /= total-MIN;

is equivalent to
 conditions and loops

More Repetition
 More Repetition Constructs
• In addition to while loops, Java has two
other constructs used to perform repetition:
– the do statement
– the for statement

• Each loop type has its own unique

characteristics
• You must choose which loop type to use in
each situation
 The do Statement
• The do statement has the following syntax:
do
statement
while (condition);
• The statement is executed until the condition
becomes false
• It is similar to a while statement, except that its
termination condition is evaluated after the loop body
 The do Statement
• The key difference between a do loop and a while
loop is that the body of the do loop will execute at
least once

• If the condition of a while loop is false initially, the

body of the loop is never executed

• Another way to put this is that a while loop will

execute zero or more times and a do loop will
execute one or more times
 Do Statement Example
// Gets an integer and prints its factors
class AvgExample {
public static void main(String[] args){
InputRequestor input = new InputRequestor();
double x, sum=0, count=-1;
do {
x = input.RequestDouble(“Next number:”);
sum += x;
count++;
} while (x != 0);
// 0 is a flag indicating end of input
System.out.println(“The average is
“+sum/count);
}
}
The do Statement flow diagram

statement

true
condition

false
 The for Statement
• Many loops have a common pattern, captured
by the for statement
• The syntax of the for loop is
for (intialization; condition;
increment)
statement;
• This is equivalent to
initialization;
while (condition) {
 The for Statement: examples
• Examples:
for (int count=1; count < 75; count++) {
System.out.println (count);
}

for (int num=1; num <= max; num = num * 2) {

System.out.println (“Next power of 2: “ + num);
}
 The for Statement
• The initialization is always performed once
• The condition of a for statement is tested
prior to executing the loop body (like in the
while statement)
• Therefore, a for loop will execute zero or
more times
• For loops are well suited for cases where the
number of iterations is known beforehand
• The increment is executed after each iteration
of the loop
Omitting parts in a for Statement
• Each expression in the header of a for loop is
optional
– If the initialization is left out, no initialization is
performed
– If(;;)
for the condition is left out,
{// an infinite loopit is always considered
to be true, and therefore
System.out.println makes an infinite loop
(“beep”);
}
– If the increment is left out, no increment
// compute a value count
foroperation
(; countis<performed
max ; count ++ ) {
• Both semi-colons are always required
System.out.println (count);
}
The for Statement flow diagram
initialization

false
condition

true

statement

increment
 Multiplication Table Example
class MultiplicationTable {
public static void main(String[] args){
for(int j=1 ; j <= 10 ; j++) {
for(int k=1 ; k <= 10 ; k++)
System.out.print(j*k);
System.out.println();
}
}
}
 The break and continue
statements
• The break statement, which we used with
switch statements, can also be used inside a
loop
• When the break statement is executed,
control jumps to the statement after the loop
(the condition is not evaluated again)
• A similar construct, the continue
statement, can also be executed in a loop
• When the continue statement is executed,
control jumps to the end of the loop and the
 Break and Continue Example
class AvgExample2 {
public static void main(String[] args){
InputRequestor in = new InputRequestor();
double x, sum = 0; count = 0;
while(true){
x = in.RequestDouble();
if (x == 0)
break;
if (x < 0) {
System.out.println(“Only positive numbers!”);
continue;
}
sum += x ;
count ++ ;
} // continued on next page
 Break and Continue Example (2)
System.out.println(“The average is “+sum/count);

}
}
 Why do
class Mystery {
We Need Indentation?
public static void main(String[] args) {
InputRequestor in = new InputRequestor();
int dimension =
in.requestInt(“Please enter the dimension”);

for (int j = 0; j < dimension; j++) {

for (int k = 1; k < dimension - j; k++) {
System.out.print(" ");
}
for (int k = 0; k < j; k++) {
System.out.print("*");
}
System.out.println();
}}}