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Lecture 1-2

The document provides an overview of computer organization and architecture, detailing the history and evolution of computers through three generations: vacuum tubes, transistors, and integrated circuits. It describes the structure and functions of the IAS computer, including its main components like the ALU and control unit, as well as the instruction set and cycles. Additionally, it discusses advancements in technology, such as Moore's Law and the impact of integrated circuits on computer performance and design.

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Tanaka Alicia Pasipanodya
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3 views14 pages

Lecture 1-2

The document provides an overview of computer organization and architecture, detailing the history and evolution of computers through three generations: vacuum tubes, transistors, and integrated circuits. It describes the structure and functions of the IAS computer, including its main components like the ALU and control unit, as well as the instruction set and cycles. Additionally, it discusses advancements in technology, such as Moore's Law and the impact of integrated circuits on computer performance and design.

Uploaded by

Tanaka Alicia Pasipanodya
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to Computer

Organization & Architecture

Ms Tsitsi Zengeya

1
1. Architecture and Organization
2. Structure and Functions
3. Multi-core Computers
4. History of Computers

2
History of Computers
 Three generations of computers – vacuum tubes,
transistors, integrated circuits
 Later generations – LSI, VLSI and ULSI
 Semiconductor memory
 Microprocessors

3
History of Computers
First Generation – Vacuum Tubes
Vacuum tube – digital elements and
memory

Switch or amplifier – contain


electrodes for switching on/off
electrodes

Large, fragile and expensive

IAS computer – 1945, 1952, John


von Neumann, Princeton Institute for
Advanced Studies, USA

 Prototype of all subsequent


general-purpose computers
4
IAS Structure
Consist of:
 Main memory - stores both data and
instructions
 ALU - capable of operating on binary data
 Control unit - interprets and execute the
instructions in memory
 I/O equipment - operated by the control unit

 Memory - 4,096 storage locations/words


 Words - 40 binary digits (bits) each
– store both data and instructions
 Format – numbers and instruction are in binary

5
IAS Structure
The control unit and the ALU contain storage
locations, called registers,

MBR - Contains a word to be stored in


memory or sent to the I/O unit, or is used to
receive a word from memory or from the I/O
unit.

MAR - Specifies the address in memory of


the word to be written from or read into the
MBR.

IR - Contains the 8-bit opcode instruction


being executed.

IBR - Employed to hold temporarily the right-


hand instruction from a word in memory.

PC - Contains the address of the next


instruction pair to be fetched from memory.

AC and MQ - hold temporarily operands and


results of ALU operations.

6
IAS Instruction Set
 IAS instruction set - 21 instructions
excluding I/O instructions
 Instruction types – 4 types of instructions
 Data transfer: Move data between
memory and ALU registers or between
two ALU registers.
 Unconditional branch – change the
normal sequence of execution of
instructions to facilitates repetitive
operations
 Conditional branch - branch dependent on
a condition, thus allowing decision points.
 Arithmetic - Operations performed by ALU
 Address modify – permits update of
addresses within instructions in memory.
Addressing flexibility
 Opcode - first 8 bits of the instruction -
specifies the instructions is to be
executed.
 Address portion - remaining 12 bits -
specifies memory locations of operand

7
IAS Instruction cycle
 Two instruction cycles – fetch and execute
subcycles

 Fetch cycle - opcode of the next instruction is


loaded into the IR and the address portion is
loaded into the MAR. This instruction may be
taken from the IBR, or it can be obtained from
memory by loading a word into the MBR, and
then down to the IBR, IR, and MAR.

 Execute cycle - control circuitry interprets the


opcode and executes the instruction by sending
out the appropriate control signals to cause data
to be moved or an operation to be performed by
the ALU

8
History of Computers
Second generation - transistors
Transistor – smaller, cheaper
Solid-state device make of silicon
Bell Labs – 1945, 1950 fully transistorized computers
Other advances - core complex ALU and control units,
high-level programming languages, system software
System software - load programs, data movement,
libraries
Processing performance – speed of operations per
second

9
IBM 7094 Computers

 Many peripheral devices – 2nd generation

 Data channel – independent I/0


components own processor and
instruction set

 I/O – done by Data channel not the CPU

 CPU – load I/O instructions in memory,


- send control signal to Data channel
to
executes I/O instructions in memory

 Data channel – perform I/O independently


from CPU and signals the CPU when
I/O
is completed

 Benefit – relieves CPU of processing load

 Multiplexor – central termination point for


CPU, Data channels and memory
IBM 7094 Configuration - schedules access to memory from
CPU
and Data channels 10
History of Computers

Third generation – integrated circuits


Integrated circuit – 1958, microelectronics, transistor,
capacitor, resistors
Transistors, capacitors, resistors – implement gates and
memory cells
Gate – implement single Boolean or logic function
Memory cell – store 1 bit of data, 2 stable states at
anytime of silicon
Data processing – gates
Data storage – memory cells
Data communication – paths among components
Control – paths among components, signals
Chip – group of interconnected gates/transistors

Silicon transistor

11
History of Computers
Third generation – integrated circuits
Moore’s law -
Moore observed that the number of
transistors that could be put on a
single chip was doubling every year,
and correctly predicted that this pace
would continue into the near future

Consequences of Moore’s Law


–
Drastic decline of cost of computer
Growth in Transistor
logic and memory circuits
Increase operating speed due to Count on Integrated
short paths between logic and Circuits
memory elements on the chip
Computer becomes smaller and
could be placed in a variety of
environments
Reduction in power and cooling
requirements
Fewer inter-chip interconnections

12
History of Computers
Third generation – integrated circuits
Members of 3rd generation – IBM System/360, DEC PDP-8
IBM System/360 - 1964, family of computers, integrated circuits
IBM System/360 architecture – use to this day in IBM mainframe computers
Compatible models – programmes could run in older and newer models
Family characteristics – similar/identical instruction set and operating systems,
and increasing speed, number of I/O ports, memory size and cost

DEC PDP-8 – 1964, Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC), small and cheap
Bus structure – called Omnibus, has become universal for microcomputers,
Omnibus – 96 separate signal paths, carry control, address and data signals,
share by all components, offers flexibility

PDP-8 Bus
13
History of Computers
Later generation – SMSI, LSI, VLSI, ULSI, Semiconductor Memory,
Microprocessors

Computer Generations

14

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