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Database Fundamentals: INFM 603 - Information Technology and Organizational Context

This document discusses database fundamentals including database schemas, tables, fields, records, primary keys, foreign keys, relationships, data types, entities, instances, attributes, and normalization. It provides examples to illustrate database concepts and the process of normalizing data from the first normal form to the third normal form to eliminate data duplication, anomalies, and inconsistencies. The goal of normalization is to organize data into logical tables with columns and relationships to avoid issues that could arise from an unnormalized database structure.

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Gilbert Rozario
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121 views

Database Fundamentals: INFM 603 - Information Technology and Organizational Context

This document discusses database fundamentals including database schemas, tables, fields, records, primary keys, foreign keys, relationships, data types, entities, instances, attributes, and normalization. It provides examples to illustrate database concepts and the process of normalizing data from the first normal form to the third normal form to eliminate data duplication, anomalies, and inconsistencies. The goal of normalization is to organize data into logical tables with columns and relationships to avoid issues that could arise from an unnormalized database structure.

Uploaded by

Gilbert Rozario
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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INFM 603 Information Technology and Organizational Context Lecture 7

Database Fundamentals

A Database Schema
Schema Owner

[1]

Tables

Indexes

Procedures

Views

Constraints

schema objects
1) Stephens, R.K. and Plew. R.R., 2001. Database Design. SAMS, Indianapolis , IN. (with slight changes by V.G.D.)

Caution about Schema Objects


The meaning of object here is different than that in UML.

Table
A table is the primary unit of physical storage for data in a database.1
Usually a database contains more than one table.

1) Stephens, R.K. and Plew. R.R., 2001. Database Design. SAMS, Indianapolis , IN.

Table

A Database with Multiple Tables


[1]
Publishers Books Customers

Authors

Inventory

Orders

1) Stephens, R.K. and Plew. R.R., 2001. Database Design. SAMS, Indianapolis , IN. (with slight changes by V.G.D.)

Table
Customers

Field (Column)
Customers

a field

Record (Row)
Customers

a record

Primary Key
Customers

primary key field Primary key is a unique identifier of records in a table. Primary key values may be generated manually or automatically.

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Primary Key
Roles (Performances)

primary key fields


A primary key can consist of more than one field.

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primary key field

Foreign Key
Directors

parent table

relationship

child table

Movies

foreign key field

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Relationship Types
One-to-one
One-to-many Many-to-many

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Data Types
Alphanumeric (Text, Memo) Numeric (Number, Currency, etc.) Date/Time Boolean (Yes/No)

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Entity
An entity is a business object that represents a group, or category of data.1 Do we know a similar concept?

1) Stephens, R.K. and Plew. R.R., 2001. Database Design, pp. 21. SAMS, Indianapolis , IN.

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Instance (Record, Tuple)


A single, specific occurrence of an entity is an instance. Other terms for an instance are record and tuple.1
Do we know a similar concept?

1) Stephens, R.K. and Plew. R.R., 2001. Database Design, pp. 210. SAMS, Indianapolis , IN.

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Attribute
An attribute is a sub-group of information within an entity.1
Do we know a similar concept?

1) Stephens, R.K. and Plew. R.R., 2001. Database Design, pp. 21. SAMS, Indianapolis , IN.

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Relationship
A relationship is a link that relates two entities that share one or more attributes.
Do we know a similar concept?

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OO Design DB Design
Class Object Attribute Association Entity (Table) Record Attribute (Field) Relationship

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Database Environments
Mainframe
Client/Server Internet-based

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Database Types
Flat-file Hierarchical Network Relational Object-oriented Object-relational

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INFM 603 Information Technology and Organizational Context Lecture 7

Normalization (Advanced may not be required for LBSC690)

Normalization
A method for organizing data elements into tables. Done in order to avoid
Duplication of data Insert anomaly Delete anomaly Update anomaly

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We will look at
First Normal Form
Second Normal Form Third Normal Form

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Example (Unnormalized)
Table: SalesOrders (Un-normalized)
SalesOrderNo Date CustomerNo CustomerName CutomerAddress ClerkNo ClerkName Item1Description Item1Quantity Item1UnitPrice Item2Description Item2Quantity Item2UnitPrice Item3Description Item3Quantity Item3UnitPrice Total

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Normalize into 1NF


Separate repeating groups into new tables.
Start a new table for the repeating data. The primary key for the repeating group is usually a composite key.

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Example (1NF)
Table: SalesOrders
SalesOrderNo Date CustomerNo CustomerName CustomerAddress ClerkNo ClerkName Total

Table: OrderItems
SalesOrderNo ItemNo ItemDescription ItemQuantity ItemUnitPrice

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Normalize into 2NF


Remove partial dependencies.
Start a new table for the partially dependent data and the part of the key it depends on.

Tables started at this step usually contain descriptions of resources.


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Dependencies
Functional dependency: The value of one attribute depends entirely on the value of another. Partial dependency: An attribute depends on only part of the primary key. (The primary key must be a composite key.) Transitive dependency: An attribute depends on an attribute other than the primary key.
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Example (2NF)
Table: OrderItems
SalesOrderNo ItemNo ItemQuantity ItemUnitPrice

Table: InventoryItems
ItemNo ItemDescription

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What if we did not do 2NF


Duplication of data: ItemDescription would appear for every order. Insert anomaly: To insert an inventory item, you must insert a sales order. Delete anomaly: Information about the items stay with sales order records. Delete a sales order record, delete the item description. Update anomaly: To change an item description, you must change all the sales order records that have the item.
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Normalize into 3NF


Remove transitive dependencies.
Start a new table for the transitively dependent attribute and the attribute it depends on.

Keep a copy of the key attribute in the original table.


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Example (3NF)
Table: SalesOrders
SalesOrderNo Date CustomerNo ClerkNo Total

Table: Customers
CustomerNo CustomerName CustomerAddress

Table: Clerks
ClerkNo ClerkName

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What if we did not do 3NF


Duplication of data: Customer and Clerk details would appear for every order. Insert anomaly: To insert a customer or clerk, you must insert a sales order. Delete anomaly: Information about the customers and clerks stay with sales order records. Delete a sales order record, delete the customer or clerk. Update anomaly: To change the details of a customer or clerk, you must change all the sales order records that involve that customer or clerk.
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Example (Final Tables)


Table: SalesOrders
SalesOrderNo Date CustomerNo ClerkNo Total

Table: InventoryItems
ItemNo ItemDescription

Table: Customers
CustomerNo CustomerName CustomerAddress

Table: OrderItems
SalesOrderNo ItemNo ItemQuantity ItemUnitPrice

Table: Clerks
ClerkNo ClerkName

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