REAL NUMBER SYSTEM

Subtitle
NUMBER SYSTEMS
NUMBER SYSTEMS

 What is Number System in Maths?

 A number system is defined as a system of writing to express numbers. It is the mathematical notation
for representing numbers of a given set by using digits or other symbols in a consistent manner. It
provides a unique representation of every number and represents the arithmetic and algebraic structure
of the figures. It also allows us to operate arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication
and division.
 The value of any digit in a number can be determined by:
 The digit
 Its position in the number
 The base of the number system
 Before discussing the different types of number system examples, first, let us discuss what a number is.
What is as number ?

 A number is a mathematical value used for counting or measuring or labelling objects.

Numbers are used to performing arithmetic calculations. Examples of numbers are
natural numbers, whole numbers, rational and irrational numbers, etc. 0 is also a number
that represents a null value.
 A number has many other variations such as even and odd numbers, prime and
composite numbers. Even and odd terms are used when a number is divisible by 2 or
not, whereas prime and composite differentiate between the numbers that have only
two factors and more than two factors, respectively.
 In a number system, these numbers are used as digits. 0 and 1 are the most common
digits in the number system, that are used to represent binary numbers. On the other
hand, 0 to 9 digits are also used for other number systems. Let us learn here the types of
number systems.
 Types of decimal system

 There are various types of number systems  Decimal Number System (Base 10
in mathematics. The four most common Number System)
number system types are:
 The decimal number system has a base of
 Decimal number system (Base- 10) 10 because it uses ten digits from 0 to 9. In
the decimal number system, the positions
 Binary number system (Base- 2)
successive to the left of the decimal point
 Octal number system (Base-8) represent units, tens, hundreds,
thousands and so on. This system is
 Hexadecimal number system (Base- 16)
expressed in decimal numbers. Every
 Now, let us discuss the different types of position shows a particular power of the
number systems with examples. base (10).
 Eg. 1457
Types of number system

 Binary Number System (Base 2 Number  Octal Number System (Base 8

System) Number System)
 The base 2 number system is also known as
the Binary number system wherein, only
 In the octal number system, the
two binary digits exist, i.e., 0 and 1. base is 8 and it uses numbers from 0
Specifically, the usual base-2 is a radix of 2. to 7 to represent numbers. Octal
The figures described under this system are numbers are commonly used in
known as binary numbers which are the
combination of 0 and 1. For example,
computer applications. Converting
110101 is a binary number. an octal number to decimal is the
 We can convert any system into binary and
same as decimal conversion and is
vice versa
explained below using an example
 Eg. 1410 =11102  Eg. 2158=14110
Types of number system

 Hexadecimal Number System (Base 16 Number System)

 In the hexadecimal system, numbers are written or represented with base 16. In the
hexadecimal system, the numbers are first represented just like in the decimal system,
i.e. from 0 to 9. Then, the numbers are represented using the alphabet from A to F.
The below-given table shows the representation of numbers in the
hexadecimal number system.
 Real number system

 Real numbers are simply the combination of rational and irrational numbers, in the number
system. In general, all the arithmetic operations can be performed on these numbers and they
can be represented in the number line, also. At the same time, the imaginary numbers are the
un-real numbers, which cannot be expressed in the number line and are commonly used to
represent a complex number. Some of the examples of real numbers are 23, -12, 6.99, 5/2, π,
and so on. In this article, we are going to discuss the definition of real numbers, the properties
of real numbers and the examples of real numbers with complete explanations.
 Real numbers can be defined as the union of both rational and irrational numbers. They can be
both positive or negative and are denoted by the symbol “R”. All the natural numbers, decimals
and fractions come under this category.
Real number system

r
The set of real numbers

 The set of real numbers consists of different categories, such as natural and
whole numbers, integers, rational and irrational numbers. In the table given
below, all the real numbers formulas (i.e.) the representation of the classification
of real numbers are defined with examples.
Types of numbers

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 https://edurev.in/t/248806/Types-of-Numbers
Common misconceptions about numbers

 One type of number is another (mixed up definitions)

 It is very common that definitions get mixed up, for example, a recurring decimal is the
opposite of a terminating decimal. The set of numbers that are not terminating
decimals are non-terminating decimals. Within that set is the subset of recurring
decimals.

recurring (think of 𝜋π and 1991​).

All recurring decimals are non-terminating, but not all non-terminating decimals are

 Categorising zero as a natural number

 Zero is not a natural number because these numbers are used as counting numbers
and so the first natural number is 1.1.
Common misconceptions

 Mixing up squares, cubes and their roots

 The square root of a number is written as the value squared, for example, 9=329​
=32 which is incorrect. The square root of 99 is 33 because 3×3=9.3×3=9.
 Not recognising whole numbers as rational numbers
 Rational numbers are numbers that can be expressed as a fraction where the
numerator and the denominator are integers. The number 33 is rational because
we can express 33 as the fraction 31.13​.
Common misconceptions

 Fractions cannot contain decimals

 They can, they just look mean! Take the fraction 2.34.6.4.62.3​. At first glance, this
does not look pleasant but by using equivalent fractions, we can multiply both
the numerator and denominator by 1010 to get 2346.4623​.

A common factor of both of these numbers is 2323 and so this is equivalent

to 12.21​. When we simplify fractions, we deliberately avoid decimals, because
the fractions become more complicated.
A chart of the real numbers
Properties of real numbers

 The following are the four main properties of real numbers:

 Commutative property
 Associative property
 Distributive property
 Identity property
 Consider “m, n and r” are three real numbers. Then the above properties can be
described using m, n, and r as shown below:
Commutative property

 If m and n are the numbers, then the general form will be m + n = n + m for
addition and m.n = n.m for multiplication.
 Addition: m + n = n + m. For example, 5 + 3 = 3 + 5, 2 + 4 = 4 + 2.
 Multiplication: m × n = n × m. For example, 5 × 3 = 3 × 5, 2 × 4 = 4 × 2.
 This shows that both addition and multiplication are commutative
Associative property

 If m, n and r are the numbers. The general form will be m + (n + r) = (m + n) + r for

addition(mn) r = m (nr) for multiplication.
 Addition: The general form will be m + (n + r) = (m + n) + r. An example of
additive associative property is 10 + (3 + 2) = (10 + 3) + 2.
 Multiplication: (mn) r = m (nr). An example of a multiplicative associative
property is (2 × 3) 4 = 2 (3 × 4).
 This shows that both addition and multiplication are associative
Distributive property

 For three numbers m, n, and r, which are real in nature, the distributive property
is represented as:
 m (n + r) = mn + mr and (m + n) r = mr + nr.
 Example of distributive property is: 5(2 + 3) = 5 × 2 + 5 × 3. Here, both sides will
yield 25.
 Note that multiplication is distributive over addition and subtraction
Identity property

 There are additive and multiplicative identities.

 For addition: m + 0 = m. (0 is the additive identity)
 For multiplication: m × 1 = 1 × m = m. (1 is the multiplicative identity)
 Rational numbers on the number line

 Rational Numbers on a Number Line: A rational number is any real number that
can be expressed as a simple fraction or ratio. By definition, a rational number is
a number which can be written in the form of p/q, where p and q are any two
integers, and q is not equal to zero (q ≠ 0). Rational numbers can be positive or
negative. If we take a closer look at counting numbers, all of them are rational
numbers with denominator 1. The set of rational numbers is denoted by the
letter “Q”.
 Like the representation of the whole numbers, integers on the number line, the
rational numbers can also be represented on the number line. In the number line
, the number zero (0) is called the origin. All the positive values are represented
on the right side of the origin, and the negative ones are on the left side. Now, let
us learn how to represent the rational numbers on the number line. The
representation of rational numbers can be classified into two different types. The
rational number may be in a proper fraction or improper fraction.
 If it is a proper fraction, the numerator value is less than the denominator value;
hence, the given rational number should be less than 1 and greater than zero. We
can easily represent the given rational number on the number line.
 If it is an improper fraction, the numerator value is greater than the denominator
value; hence, the given rational number should be greater than 1. So, in this case,
convert the improper fraction into a mixed one. This conversion helps to locate
the exact position of the given fraction on the number line. It helps to know
between which integer the fraction lie.
Procedure to represent numbers on the number line

 Draw a line and locate the point ‘0’. This point is known as the origin.
 If the given number is positive, mark it on the right side of the origin. If it is a
negative number, mark it on the left side of zero.
 Divide each unit into the values equal to the fraction’s denominator. For example:
representing 4/5 on the number line, you need to divide each unit into 5
subunits.
OPERATIONS ON REAL NUMBERS

 The following pointers are to be kept in mind when you deal with real numbers
and mathematical operations on them:
 When the addition or subtraction operation is done on a rational and irrational
number, the result is an irrational number.
 When the multiplication or division operation is done on a rational number with
an irrational number, the result is an irrational number.
 When two irrational numbers are added, subtracted, multiplied or divided, the
result may be a rational or an irrational number.
Fundermental theorem of arithmetic

 Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic states that every integer greater than 1 is either a prime
number or can be expressed in the form of primes. In other words, all the natural numbers
can be expressed in the form of the product of its prime factors. To recall, prime factors are
the numbers which are divisible by 1 and itself only. For example, the number 35 can be
written in the form of its prime factors as:
 35 = 7 × 5
 Here, 7 and 5 are the prime factors of 35
 Similarly, another number 114560 can be represented as the product of its prime factors by
using prime factorization method,
 114560 = 27 × 5 × 179
 So, we have factorized 114560 as the product of the power of its primes.
Euclid’s division lemmma

 According to Euclid’s Division Lemma if we have two positive integers a and b,

then there exist unique integers q and r which satisfies the condition a = bq +
r where 0 ≤ r < b.
 The basis of the Euclidean division algorithm is Euclid’s division lemma. To
calculate the Highest Common Factor (HCF) of two positive
integers a and b we use Euclid’s division algorithm. HCF is the largest number
which exactly divides two or more positive integers. That means, on dividing both
the integers a and b the remainder is zero.
 980 = 78 × 12 + 44
 78 = 44 × 1 + 34
 44 = 34 × 1 + 10
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