Class : 11

Subject : physics

Topic : magnetism
Objectives
Our objectives for this
presentation are to:
Discuss the properties of
magnets.
Understand magnetic field lines
and how to plot them.
Understand induced magnetism
Analyze the magnetic effect of a
current
Differentiate between methods of
Magnetic and non magnetic
materials
Magnetic materials are the
material that can be attracted to a
magnet.
e.g. Steel, Iron, Cobalt and Nickel
Non-magnetic materials are
materials that can not be attracted
to a magnet.
e.g. Copper, Wood, Plastic and
Brass
PROPERTIES OF MAGNETS
 Magnets have two poles north and south
pole.

A magnet attracts magnetic materials

such as iron, cobalt nickel and steel.
LAW OF MAGNETIC POLES
Like poles of the magnets repel each other.

Unlike poles of the magnets attract each other.

How a magnet is
identified?
Magnetic repulsion is the only test
to confirm whether an object is a
magnet.
Magnetic Induction
Magnetic induction is a process
whereby an object made of a
magnetic material becomes a magnet
when it is near or in contact with a
magnet.
Theory of magnetism
A magnetic domain consist of group of atomic
magnets pointing in the same direction.

Unmagnetised steel bar

Magnetised steel bar

Magnetic Field is a region around a
magnet where a magnetic material
experiences a magnetic force.
Magnetic field lines starting from north
pole and ends at south pole.
N04/P1/Q27
Answer

D
PLOTTING MAGNETIC FIELD LINES
You will need
• a bar magnet
• a plotting compass
• plain paper, a pencil

What to do
1 Place the magnet in the center of the sheet of
paper and draw round
it.
2 Place the compass near the north pole
of the magnet.
3 Mark dots 1 and 2 on the paper to indicate the
two ends
of the compass needle.
3 Move the compass away from the magnet and
position it so that one end of its needle is marked by
dot 2. Mark dot 3 at the other end.
4 Continue this process, until you have moved round
to the other pole of the magnet.

5 Remove the compass. The sequence of dots shows

one of the field lines of the magnet’s field. Draw a
smooth line through the dots.

6 Repeat the process, starting at a slightly different

position, to obtain another field line.
METHODS OF MAGNATISATION
Magnetising by electrical method
1. A steel bar is placed inside a solenoid through
which a direct current passed for a while.
2. A strong magnetic field is produced and the
steel bar is magnetised.
3. When viewed at one end of the bar, the current
flows in clockwise direction that end becomes a
South pole. If current flows anti-clockwise
direction, it becomes a North pole. And we can
easily find the poles by using right hand grip rule.
Magnetising by stroking method
A piece of the material may be stroked with a
permanent magnet. By stroking it consistently
from one end to another (never going in the
reverse direction), it becomes magnetised.
METHODS OF DEMAGNATISATION
Demagnetising by an Alternating current
1. A magnet to be demagnetized is places inside a
solenoid.
2. The solenoid is connected to an a.c. supply.
3. The magnet is withdrawn far away through the
solenoid in the east-west direction while the a.c.
current still flowing.
4. As the process is repeated, the magnet will be
demagnetized.
Demagnetising by heating
If we heat a magnet strongly by means of
bunsen flame, the magnet will lose its
magnetisation.

Demagnetizing by hammering
As in the case of heating, hammering also
cause a magnet to lose its magnetism. If the
magnet is hammered vigorously while lying in
an east west direction, its magnetism become
weaker and weaker.
N02/P1/Q24
Answer

D
PROPERTIES OF TEMPORARY
MAGNETS AND PERMANENT
MAGNETS
Temporary magnets Permanent magnets
(eg. Iron) (eg. Steel)

Soft magnetic Hard magnetic

material material
Easy to magnetise and Harder to magnetise
demagnetise ( lose its and demagnetise (can
magnetism easily) retain its magnetism)
Used to make Used to make
electromagnets permanent magnets
Uses: transformers, Uses: D.C motors, A.C
electric bells, generators,
magnetic relays, reed galvanometers, loud
relays speakers and magnetic
door catches.
Magnetic screening or magnetic
shielding
Magnetic screening is protecting delicate
instruments from stray magnetic fields by
placing delicate instrument inside the soft iron
box. Since the soft iron is a magnetic material, so
stray magnetic field lines can go through the soft
iron as shown below. But the field lines cannot
reach into delicate instrument it will protect the
layer of soft iron around it.
Answer

C
Magnetic field due to current in straight wires
When an electric current is passed through a wire, as
shown below, a weak magnetic field is produced
around the wire.

 If the current through the wire increases the

strength of magnetic field also increases.
 If the direction of current flowing through the wire
changes the direction of magnetic field around the
wire also change.
So the direction of magnetic field produce by a
current is given by the right-hand grip rule as
shown below. Imagine gripping the wire with your
right hand so that your thumb points in the
conventional direction. Your fingers then point in
the same direction as the field lines.
Magnetic field due to current in solenoid
A current produces a stronger magnetic field if
the wire it flows through is wound into a coil. The
diagram below shows the magnetic field patterns
produced by current carrying coil. A long coil is
called solenoid.
 If the current through the solenoid increases, the
strength of magnetic field also increases.
 If we increases the number of turns in the solenoid,
the strength of magnetic field also increases.
 If the direction of current flowing through the
solenoid changes, the field around the solenoid and
the poles of solenoid also changes.
So to work out which way round the poles are, we
can use another right-hand grip rule, as shown
below. Imagine the gripping the coil with your right
hand so that your fingers point in the conventional
current direction. Your thumb then points towards
the North pole of the coil.
APPLICATION OF THE MAGNETIC
EFFECT OF A CURRENT
Magnetic relay
A magnetic relay is a switch operated by an electromagnet.
With a relay a small switch with thin wires can be used to
turn on the current in a much more powerful circuit – for
example, one with large electric motor in it.
When the switch S in the input circuit is closed, a current
flows through electromagnet
Click to add textand it will magnetised. This
pulls the iron armature towards it, which closes the contact
C. As a result current flows through the output circuit and
motor turn on.
Answer
A
Uses of electromagnets
Circuit Breaker.
The circuit breaker acts as a safety device in the same
way
as a fuse.
It disconnects the supply if too large a current flows.
When the live wire carries the usual operating current
the electromagnet is not
strong enough to separate the contacts.
If something goes wrong with the appliance and
a large current flows the electromagnet will pull hard
enough to separate the contacts and break the circuit.
The spring then keeps the contacts apart. After
the fault is repaired, the contacts can then be pushed
back together
by pressing a button on the outside of the circuit
breaker box.
Circuit Breaker
Electric bell
Electric bell
when the switch is pressed on,
current flows through the
electromagnet. It then attracts the
iron rod towards it hits the gong
thus losing electrical contact and
the current stops flowing . Since
the iron rod being springy pulls
back and thus completes the
circuit again and the whole process
starts again.
 Reed Relay
• A reed relay is a type of relay that uses an electromagnet
to control one or more reed switches. The contacts are of
magnetic material and the electromagnet acts directly on
them without requiring an armature to move them.
Sealed in a long, narrow glass tube, the contacts are
protected from corrosion.
• Compared with armature-based relays, reed relays can
switch much faster, as the moving parts are small and
lightweight, although switch bounce is still present.
Loud speaker
Most loudspeakers are of the moving-coil type
shown below. The cylindrical magnet produces
a strong radial magnetic field at right angles to
the wire in the coil. The coil is free to move
backwards and forwards and is attached to a
stiff paper or plastic cone. If a current is passed
through the coil, a backward and forward force
acts on it; this follows from Flemings left hand
rule.
The loud speaker is connected to an amplifier
which gives out alternating current. This flows
backward, forward, backward… and so on,
causing a force on the coil which is also
backward, forward, backward…. As a result,
the cone vibrates and gives out sound waves.
The nature of sound produced depends on the
frequency and amplitude of the alternating
current flowing through the coil.
Loud speaker
answer