04.

Functions, Arrays,
Strings and Parameter
Passing - 02
Oritented Object Programming C++: Chapter 03

 Time: 120 Minutes

 Instructor: Hieu, Vo Dinh
 Email:[email protected]
 Phone: 0941 891 998
 Previous lessons

1. Introduction C++
 C++ vs C
 Compilers, IDEs
2. C++ Language Basics
 Types: int, float, double
 Control Structures: if, for, while, switch-case…
3. Functions, Arrays, Strings and Parameter Passing-1
 void func(int);
 void func(int, int);
 void func(int, int = 2);
 int arr[10], brr[2][3];

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 Contents

V. C-style string
 C-style string likes string in C
 Example use C-style string in many ways
VI. cstring functions
 Use function in cstring library
VII.string class
 How to use string class like cstring in easy way
VIII.vector class
 Vector is type which likes the array
 How to use the vector class
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 V. C-style string

 A string is a sequences of characters, called C-Style

string in C++
 Example:
char name[10];

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

 The end of strings represented by the null character

Whose literal value can be written as '\0'

T H U Y \0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

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 Initialization C-style strings

 Initialization C-style strings:

char name1[10] = { 'T', 'H', 'U', 'Y', '\0'
};
T H U Y \0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

char name2[] = { 'T', 'H', 'U', 'Y', '\

0' }; The string literals
T H U Y \0
char
0
name3[]
1 2
= 3"THUY";
4

char
T name4[]
h u = "Thuy y";\0
0 1 2 3 4 5

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 Initialization C-style strings (cont.)

 Example:
char name1[10] = { 'T', 'H', 'U', 'Y', '\0'
};
char name2[] = { 'T', 'H', 'U', 'Y', '\
0' };
char name3[] = "THUY";
char name4[] = "Thu y";
char name5[10];
char name6[10] = name1; // Error
char name7[]; // Error
name5 = { 'T', 'H', 'U', 'Y', '\0' }; //
Error
name5 = "THUY"; 6
//
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 C-style string Input/ouput

 Use cout to print a c-style string

 char name[10] = {'T','H','U','Y','\0'};
 cout << name;
 Get a word:
 char name[10];
 cin >> name;
 Get a line:
 char address[100]
 cin.getline(address, 100);
 cin.getline(address, 100, '\n');

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 C-style string Input/ouput (cont.)

 Example 01: Output

Address: 254 Nguyen Van Linh
#include <iostream>
Name: Thuy
using namespace std;- Address: 254 Nguyen Van Linh
int main() { - Name: Thuy
char name[10];
char address[100];
cout << "Address: ";
cin.getline(address, 100);
cout << "Name: ";
cin >> name;
cout << "- Address: " << address << endl;
cout << "- Name: " << name << endl;
return 0;
} 8 Duy Tan University
 C-style string Input/ouput (cont.)

 Example 01: Output

Address:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
char name[10];
char address[100];
cout << "Address: ";
cin.getline(address, 100);
cout << "Name: ";
cin >> name;
cout << "- Address: " << address << endl;
cout << "- Name: " << name << endl;
return 0;
} 9 Duy Tan University
 C-style string Input/ouput (cont.)

 Example 01: Output

Address: 254 Nguyen Van Linh
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
char name[10];
char address[100];
cout << "Address: ";
cin.getline(address, 100);
cout << "Name: ";
cin >> name;
cout << "- Address: " << address << endl;
cout << "- Name: " << name << endl;
return 0;
} 10 Duy Tan University
 C-style string Input/ouput (cont.)

 Example 01: Output

Address: 254 Nguyen Van Linh
#include <iostream>
Name:
using namespace std;
int main() {
char name[10];
char address[100];
cout << "Address: ";
cin.getline(address, 100);
cout << "Name: ";
cin >> name;
cout << "- Address: " << address << endl;
cout << "- Name: " << name << endl;
return 0;
} 11 Duy Tan University
 C-style string Input/ouput (cont.)

 Example 01: Output

Address: 254 Nguyen Van Linh
#include <iostream>
Name: Thuy
using namespace std;
int main() {
char name[10];
char address[100];
cout << "Address: ";
cin.getline(address, 100);
cout << "Name: ";
cin >> name;
cout << "- Address: " << address << endl;
cout << "- Name: " << name << endl;
return 0;
} 12 Duy Tan University
 C-style string Input/ouput (cont.)

 Example 01: Output

Address: 254 Nguyen Van Linh
#include <iostream>
Name: Thuy
using namespace std;- Address: 254 Nguyen Van Linh
int main() { - Name: Thuy
char name[10];
char address[100];
cout << "Address: ";
cin.getline(address, 100);
cout << "Name: ";
cin >> name;
cout << "- Address: " << address << endl;
cout << "- Name: " << name << endl;
return 0;
} 13 Duy Tan University
 C-style string Input/ouput (cont.)

 Example 02: Output

#include <iostream> Name: Thuy
using namespace std;Address: - Name: Thuy
int main() { - Address:
char name[10];
char address[100];
cout << "Name: ";
cin >> name;
cout << "Address: ";
cin.getline(address, 100);
cout << "- Name: " << name << endl;
cout << "- Address: " << address << endl;
return 0;
} 14 Duy Tan University
 C-style string Input/ouput (cont.)

Example 03: Solve the problem on Example 02

char name[10]; Output
char address[100];Name: Thuy
Address: 254 Nguyen Van Linh
cout << "Name: ";
- Name: Thuy
cin >> name; - Address: 254 Nguyen Van Linh
cout << "Address: ";
do {
cin.getline(address, 100);
} while (address[0] == '\0');
cout << "- Name: " << name << endl;
cout << "- Address: " << address << endl;

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 Contents

V. C-style string
 C-style string likes string in C
 Example use C-style string in many ways
VI. cstring functions
 Use function in cstring library
VII.string class
 How to use string class like cstring in easy way
VIII.Vector class
 Vector is type which likes the array
 How to use the vector class
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Practices by Your-Self in 5 minutes

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 Example 01

 Enter a string, print the string length.

int main() {
char str[100];
cout << "Enter a string: ";
cin.getline(str, 100);
int length = 0;
while (str[length] != '\0') {
length++;
}
cout << "The string length: " <<
length;
return 0;
} 18 Duy Tan University
 Example 02

 Write a function to copy a c-style string to another

void myStrcpy(char destination[], char
source[]);
int main() { Output
char strA[100]; strA: Hello DTU
char strB[] = "Hello DTU"; strB: Hello DTU
myStrcpy(strA, strB);
cout << "strA: " << strA << endl;
cout << "strB: " << strB << endl;
return 0;
}

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 Example 02 (cont.)

 The solution:
void myStrcpy(char destination[], char
source[]) {
int i = 0;
while (source[i] != '\0') {
destination[i] = source[i];
i++;
}
destination[i] = '\0';
}

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 VI. cstring functions

 #include <cstring>
cstring or string.h defines functions to manipulate
C-style strings and arrays
http://www.cplusplus.com/reference/cstring/
 Get string length:
unsigned int strlen(const char* str);
 Copy string:
char* strcpy(char* destination, const char*
source);
 Copy characters from string:
char* strncpy(char* destination, const char*
source, unsigned int num);
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 VI. cstring functions (cont.)

 Concatenate strings:
char* strcat(char* destination, const char*
source);
 Append characters from string:
char* strncat(char* destination, const char*
source, unsigned int num);
 Compare two strings:
int strcmp(const char* str1, const char* str2);
 Compare characters of two strings:
int strncmp(const char* str1, const char* str2,
unsigned int num);
 Note: some compilers required: strcat_s, strncat_s,..
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 Example 01:
Output
#include <iostream>
str1: Hello DTU
#include <cstring> strlen(str1): 9
using namespace std; strcpy(str3, str1): Hello DTU
int main() { strncpy(str2, str1, 4): Hell56789
char str1[100] = "Hello DTU";
char str2[100] = "123456789", str3[100];
cout << "str1: " << str1 << endl;
cout << "strlen(str1): " << strlen(str1) <<
endl;
strcpy(str3, str1); // Copy str1 to str3
cout << "strcpy(str3, str1): " << str3 << endl;
strncpy(str2, str1, 4);//Copy 4 chars to str2
cout << "strncpy(str2, str1, 4): " << str2;
return 0; Duy Tan University
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 Example 02:
#include <iostream> Output

#include <cstring> strcat(str1, str2): HelloCMU-CS OOP C++

strncat(str3, str2, 3): StudentsCMU
using namespace std;
int main() {
char str1[100] = "Hello";
char str2[100] = "CMU-CS OOP C++";
char str3[100] = "Students";
strcat(str1, str2);
cout << "strcat(str1, str2): " << str1 <<
endl;
strncat(str3, str2, 3);
cout << "strncat(str3, str2, 3): " << str3;
return 0;
} Duy Tan University
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 Example 03:
#include <iostream> Output
#include <cstring> str1 > str2
using namespace std;
int main() {
char str1[100] = "Hello";
char str2[100] = "Hallo";
if (strcmp(str1, str2) == 0) {
cout << "str1 and str2 are the same" << endl;
} else if (strcmp(str1, str2) > 0) {
cout << "str1 > str2" << endl;
} else if (strcmp(str1, str2) < 0) {
cout << "str1 > str2" << endl;
}
return 0;
}
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 Contents

V. C-style string
 C-style string likes string in C
 Example use C-style string in many ways
VI. cstring functions
 Use function in cstring library
VII.string class
 How to use string class like cstring in easy way
VIII.Vector class
 Vector is type which likes the array
 How to use the vector class
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 VII. string class

 #include <string>
Defines std::string class to represent sequence of
characters as an object of class.
string class defined functions to operate on strings.
www.cplusplus.com/reference/string/string/
 Initialization string objects:
 string s0;
 string s1 = "Hello DTU";
 string s2("Hello DTU");
 string s3 = s1;
 char str[] = "DTU students";
 string s4 = str;
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 VII. string class (cont.)
string class <string> C string <cstring>
string s1 = "Hello"; char c1[100] =
string s2 = "DTU"; "Hello";
string s3; char c2[] = "DTU";
char c3[100];
cin >> s3; cin >> c3;
getline(cin, s3); cin.getline(c3, 100);
s1.length(); strlen(c1);
s3 = s1; strcpy(c3, c1);
s3 = s1.substr(0, 2); strncpy(c3, c1, 2);
s3 = s3 + s2; strcat(c3, c2);
s3 += s2.substr(0,2); strncat(c3, c2, 2);
s1>s2; s1==s2; s1<s2; strcmp(c2, c3);
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 Output
Example 01 First name: Thuy
Last name: Tran
#include <iostream> Class room: 702 NVL
#include <string> Thuy Tran
using namespace std; Learn in 702 NVL
int main() {
string firstName, lastName, classRoom;
cout << "First name: "; cin >> firstName;
cout << "Last name: "; cin >> lastName;
cout << "Class room: ";
do {
getline(cin, classRoom);
} while (classRoom.length() == 0);
cout << firstName + " " + lastName << endl;
cout << "Learn in " << classRoom;
return 0;
}
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 Example 02
void toUpperCase(string str) {
for (int i = 0; i < str.length(); i++) {
if ('a' <= str[i] && str[i] <= 'z')
str[i] = str[i] - 32;
}
}
int main() { Output
string s = "Viet Nam"; Viet Nam
toUpperCase(s);
cout << s << endl;
return 0;
}

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 Example 03
string toUpperCase(string str) {
for (int i = 0; i < str.length(); i++) {
if ('a' <= str[i] && str[i] <= 'z')
str[i] = str[i] - 32;
}
return str;
} Output
int main() { VIET NAM
string s = "Viet Nam";
s = toUpperCase(s);
cout << s << endl;
return 0;
}
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 Contents

V. C-style string
 C-style string likes string in C
 Example use C-style string in many ways
VI. cstring functions
 Use function in cstring library
VII.string class
 How to use string class like cstring in easy way
VIII.Vector class
 Vector is type which likes the array
 How to use the vector class
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 VIII. Vector class

 #include <vector>
Defines the vector container class
Vectors are sequence containers representing
arrays that can change in size.
 Declaration for an vector: vector<type> name;
 Example:
vector<int> intVt;
vector<float> floatVt;
vector<string> stringVt;

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 VIII. Vector class (cont.)

 Initializing vectors:
 vector<int> vt1;
 vector<int> vt2(4, 8);
0 1 2 3
vt2 8 8 8 8

 vector<int> vt3(vt2);
0 1 2 3
vt3 8 8 8 8

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 VIII. Vector class (cont.)

 Add element at the end

 void push_back(const value_type& val);
 Delete last element
 void pop_back();
 Get the number of elements in the vector
 unsigned int size() const;
 Test whether vector is empty
 bool empty() const;
 Removes all elements from the vector
 void clear();

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 VIII. Vector class (cont.)
vector<int> vt;
vt.push_back(9);
vt.push_back(1);
vt.push_back(7);
cout << "size(): " << vt.size() << endl;
vt.pop_back();
cout << "size(): " << vt.size() << endl;
cout << (vt.empty() ? "Empty" : "Not empty")<<
endl;
vt.clear();
cout << "size(): " << vt.size() << endl;
cout << (vt.empty() ? "Empty" : "Not empty")<<
endl;

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 Contents

V. C-style string
 C-style string likes string in C
 Example use C-style string in many ways
VI. cstring functions
 Use function in cstring library
VII.string class
 How to use string class like cstring in easy way
VIII.Vector class
 Vector is type which likes the array
 How to use the vector class
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 Summary

 C-style string is a sequences of characters, likes C

 cstring library defined functions for C-style string
 string class likes C-string, but easy to using
 vector class likes array, but better to using

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 Problems (cont.)

1. Cstring library has functions: strlen, strcpy, strcmp.

Re-write the functions by your-self,
2. Write countWords(…) to count how many words
have in a string an return the quality.
3. Write displayBinary(…) to display the binary of an
integer.
4. Write functions to get two big numbers (the length >
100), and add the number together, show the result.

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