J K K MUNIRAJAH COLLEGE OF

TECHNOLOGY

SEMINOR
CP4153 – NETWORK TECHNOLOGIES

SUBMITTED BY
ADHISESHAN.N
Architecture of Software Defined Networks (SDN)

• In traditional networks, the control and data plane are embedded together as a single unit.
•
• The control plane is responsible for maintaining the routing table of a switch which
determines the best path to send the network packets and the data plane is responsible for
forwarding the packets based on the instructions given by the control plane.

• Whereas in SDN, the control plane and data plane are separate entities, where the control
plane acts as a central controller for many data planes.
• There are many approaches that lead to the development of today’s Software Defined
Networks(SDN). They are:
• Forces
• 4D approach
• Ethane
 FORCES(Forwarding and control element separation):

• The idea of separation of data plane(forwarding element) and control plane was first
proposed by FORCES. It is said that hardware-based forwarding entities are controlled by a
software-based control plane.
• FORCES can be implemented in two ways:

1.The forwarding element and control plane are located within the same network

2.The control element is taken off the device and placed in a separate system.
 4D approach:
The 4D approach has four planes that control
• Decision
• Dissemination
• Discovery
• Data
It follows three principles:
Network-level objectives: The objectives should be stated in terms of the whole network instead
of individual devices. So that there won’t be any need to depend on proprietary devices.
Network-wide view: Decisions should be made based on the understanding of the whole
network’s traffic, topology, and events. Actions should be taken based on considering a
network-wide view.
Direct control: The control plane elements should directly be able to control the data plane
elements. It should have the ability to program the forwarding table on individual devices.
 Ethane Architechture
• Ethane specifies network-level access of users which is defined by network administrators.
Ethane is the exact forerunner of Software Defined Networks(SDN)
Principles of Ethane:
• High-level policies should inspect the network
• Routing should follow High-level policies.
• There should be a connection between packets and their origin in the network.
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 Network Virtualization
• Network Virtualization is a process of logically grouping physical networks and making them
operate as single or multiple independent networks called Virtual Networks.
Tools for Network Virtualization :
Physical switch OS
It is where the OS must have the functionality of network virtualization.
Hypervisor
It is which uses third-party software or built-in networking and the functionalities of network
virtualization.
• The basic functionality of the OS is to give the application or the executing process with a
simple set of instructions.
• System calls that are generated by the OS and executed through the libc library are
comparable to the service primitives given at the interface between the application and the
network through the SAP (Service Access Point).
 Functions of Network Virtualization :
• It enables the functional grouping of nodes in a virtual network.
• It enables the virtual network to share network resources.
• It allows communication between nodes in a virtual network without routing of frames.
• It restricts management traffic.
• It enforces routing for communication between virtual networks.

Network Virtualization in Virtual Data Center :

1. Physical Network
• Physical components: Network adapters, switches, bridges, repeaters, routers and hubs.
• Grants connectivity among physical servers running a hypervisor, between physical servers
and storage systems and between physical servers and clients.
2. VM Network
• Consists of virtual switches.
• Provides connectivity to hypervisor kernel.
• Connects to the physical network.
• Resides inside the physical server.
 Advantages of Network Virtualization
• Improves manageability
• Grouping and regrouping of nodes are eased.
• Configuration of VM is allowed from a centralized management workstation using
management software.

Reduces CAPEX
• The requirement to set up separate physical networks for different node groups is reduced.

Improves utilization
• Multiple VMs are enabled to share the same physical network which enhances the utilization
of network resource.

• Enhances performance
• Network broadcast is restricted and VM performance is improved.

• Enhances security
• Sensitive data is isolated from one VM to another VM.
• Access to nodes is restricted in a VM from another VM.
 Disadvantages of Network Virtualization
• It needs to manage IT in the abstract.
• It needs to coexist with physical devices in a cloud-integrated hybrid environment.
• Increased complexity.
• Upfront cost.
• Possible learning curve.
• Examples of Network Virtualization :

• Virtual LAN (VLAN)

• The performance and speed of busy networks can be improved by VLAN.
• VLAN can simplify additions or any changes to the network.
• Network Overlays –
• A framework is provided by an encapsulation protocol called VXLAN for overlaying virtualized
layer 2 networks over layer 3 networks.
• The Generic Network Virtualization Encapsulation protocol (GENEVE) provides a new way to
encapsulation designed to provide control-plane independence between the endpoints of the
tunnel.
• Network Virtualization Platform: VMware NSX –
• VMware NSX Data Center transports the components of networking and security such as
switching, firewalling and routing that are defined and consumed in software.
• It transports the operational model of a virtual machine (VM) for the network.
 Applications of Network Virtualization :
• Network virtualization may be used in the development of application testing to mimic real-
world hardware and system software.

• It helps us to integrate several physical networks into a single network or separate single
physical networks into multiple analytical networks.

• In the field of application performance engineering, network virtualization allows the

simulation of connections between applications, services, dependencies, and end-users for
software testing.

• It helps us to deploy applications in a quicker time frame, thereby supporting a faster go-to-
market.

• Network virtualization helps the software testing teams to derive actual results with expected
instances and congestion issues in a networked environment.