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Differential Equations Introduction

This document provides an overview of differential equations, including their definitions, types (ordinary and partial), order, degree, and solutions. It discusses methods for solving these equations, such as separation of variables and exact equations, along with applications in various fields like physics, engineering, and biology. Examples and exercises are included to illustrate concepts and problem-solving techniques.

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11-C Baluarte, John Denvers
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20 views70 pages

Differential Equations Introduction

This document provides an overview of differential equations, including their definitions, types (ordinary and partial), order, degree, and solutions. It discusses methods for solving these equations, such as separation of variables and exact equations, along with applications in various fields like physics, engineering, and biology. Examples and exercises are included to illustrate concepts and problem-solving techniques.

Uploaded by

11-C Baluarte, John Denvers
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DIFFERENTIAL

EQUATIONS
Engr. Jhomel G. Zaragoza
WHAT IS A DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATION?
 • A differential equation is an equation that relates a
function to its derivatives.
 • It describes how a quantity changes over time or
space.
TYPES OF DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONS
 • Ordinary Differential Equations (ODEs): Involves
derivatives with respect to a single variable.

 • Partial Differential Equations (PDEs): Involves


derivatives with respect to multiple variables and
partial derivatives
ORDER OF A DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATION
 • The order is the highest derivative present in the
equation.

 Example: d²y/dx² + 2dy/dx + y = 0 (Second-order


ODE)
DEGREE OF A DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATION
 • The degree is the power of the highest derivative,
provided the equation is polynomial in derivatives.

 Example: (d²y/dx²)² + dy/dx = 0 (Second-degree


equation)
IDENTIFYING THE DEGREE
AND ORDER OF A D.E
GENERAL AND PARTICULAR
SOLUTIONS
 • General Solution: Contains arbitrary constants
(e.g., y = C₁e^x + C₂e^(-x)).
 • Particular Solution: Obtained by assigning specific
values to the constants.
GENERAL SOLUTION

We already noted that the


differential equation y’=2x has at
least two solutions: y=and y=. The
only difference between these two
solutions is the last term, which is a
constant. What if the last term is a
different constant? Will this
expression still be a solution to the
differential equation? In fact, any
function of the form y= , where C
represents any constant, is a
solution as well.
FINDING THE PARTICULAR
SOLUTION
CONT.
PARTICULAR SOLUTION
INITIAL VALUE PROBLEMS

 Usually,a given differential equation has an infinite


number of solutions, so it is natural to ask which one
we want to use. To choose one solution, more
information is needed. Some specific information
that can be useful is an initial value, which is an
ordered pair that is used to find a particular solution.
FINDING THE D.E USING A
GENERAL SOLUTION
FINDING THE SOLUTION
EXAMPLES
EXAMPLE
EXERCISE

 Ans: y = x ln|x| + x - 1
APPLICATIONS OF
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
 • Physics: Newton’s Laws, Thermodynamics
 • Engineering: Circuit Analysis, Control Systems
 • Biology: Population Dynamics, Disease Spread
 • Economics: Modeling Growth, Supply-Demand
Curves
FIRST-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONS
 • Form: dy/dx = f(x, y)

 Example: dy/dx = y → Solution: y = Ce^x

All of the Differential Equations that are going to be


discussed in this lecture are first order differential
equations
METHODS FOR SOLVING
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
 Separation of Variables
 Integrating Factor Method
 Homogeneous Equations
 Exact Differential Equations
 Inexact Differential Equations
SUMMARY

 • Differential equations describe change.


 • They are classified by order and degree.
 • Solutions can be general or particular.
 • They have applications in science, engineering,
and economics.
WHAT ARE SEPARABLE
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS?
 • A separable differential equation can be written as
the product of a function of x and a function of y.
 • General form: dy/dx = g(x) * h(y)
 • Solved by separating variables and integrating
both sides.
EXAMPLE 1 - SIMPLE
EXPONENTIAL GROWTH
 • dy/dx = y

 Steps:
 1. Rewrite as dy/y = dx
 2. Integrate both sides: ∫(1/y)dy = ∫dx
 3. Solution: ln|y| = x + C → y = Ce^x
EXAMPLE 2 - POPULATION
GROWTH WITH LIMITED
RESOURCES
 • dy/dx = y(1 - y)

 Steps:
 1. Rewrite as dy/(y(1 - y)) = dx
 2. Use partial fractions to solve: ∫(1/y + 1/(1-y))dy =
∫dx
 3. Solution: ln|y/(1-y)| = x + C → y = 1/(1 + Ce^(-x))
 4. Get rid of the ln function by raising both side of
the equations with e
EXAMPLE 3 - COOLING OF AN
OBJECT
 • Newton’s Law of Cooling: dy/dt = -k(y - T₀)

 Steps:
 1. Rewrite as dy/(y - T₀) = -k dt
 2. Integrate both sides: ∫(1/(y - T₀))dy = ∫(-k)dt
 3. Solution: ln|y - T₀| = -kt + C → y = T₀ + Ce^(-kt)
SUMMARY

 • Separable DEs can be solved by isolating variables


and integrating.
 • They model various real-world phenomena like
exponential growth, population dynamics, and
cooling.
EXERCISE:

 Solve the equation


 Solve the equation
WHAT IS A HOMOGENEOUS
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION?
 • A homogeneous differential equation is an
equation in which every term is of the same degree.
 • It can be solved by using substitution methods
such as v = y/x or v = x/y.
EXAMPLE 1 - SIMPLE
HOMOGENEOUS DE
 • dy/dx = (x + y)/(x - y)

 Method:
 1. Substitute y = vx (so dy/dx = v + x dv/dx)
 2. Solve for v and integrate both sides.
 3. Solution: y = Cx
EXAMPLE 2 - HOMOGENEOUS
DE WITH HIGHER POWERS
 • dy/dx = (2x² + 3xy)/(x² + y²)

 Method:
 1. Substitute y = vx and dy/dx = v + x dv/dx
 2. Simplify and separate variables.
 3. Integrate to find the general solution.
EXAMPLE 3 - COMPLEX
HOMOGENEOUS DE
 • dy/dx = (x³ + y³)/(x² - xy)

 Method:
 1. Use substitution y = vx and dy/dx = v + x dv/dx
 2. Simplify the resulting equation.
 3. Solve by integrating.
EXAMPLE 4 - HOMOGENEOUS
DE IN POLAR COORDINATES
 • dy/dx = (x + y)/(x - y)

 Method:
 1. Substitute y = vx and change the equation to
polar coordinates.
 2. Separate variables and solve.
 3. General solution in terms of polar coordinates.
EXAMPLE 5 - HOMOGENEOUS
DE WITH LOGARITHMIC
SOLUTION
 • dy/dx = (x - y)/(x + y)

 Method:
 1. Substitute y = vx.
 2. Solve using separation of variables and
logarithmic integration.
 3. Final solution: ln|y| = ln|x| + C
EXERCISES ON HDE
EXERCISE
EXERCISE
EXERCISE
EXACT DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONS
Section 1: 3
Theory
1. Theory
We consider here the following standard form of ordinary
differential equation (o.d.e.):

P (x, y)dx + Q(x, y)dy


=0
∂Q
If ∂∂yP = ∂x then the o.de. is said to be
exact.
This means that a function u(x, y) exists
such that:
∂u ∂u
du dx +
∂x ∂y
= dy
= P dx + Q dy = 0 .
One solves ∂u
= P and ∂u
= Q to find u(x, y).
∂x ∂y

Then du = 0 gives u(x, y) = C, where C is a constant.


This last equation gives the general solution of P dx +
Q dy = 0.
Section 2: Exercises 4
2. Exercises
Click on EXERCISE links for full worked solutions
(there are 11 exercises in total)
Show that each of the following differential equations is
exact and use that property to find the general solution:

EXERCISE 1.
1 y
dy − dx
=0
x x2

EXERCISE 2.
d
2xy + y2 − x =
yx
d
2 0
EXERCISE 3.
2(y + 1)exdx + 2(ex − 2y)dy
=0
Solutions to exercises 1
2
Full worked solutions
Exercise 1.
Standard form: P (x, y)dx + Q(x, y)dy
=0
i.e. P (x, y) = y2 and Q(x, y) =x
x
− 1

Equation is ∂P
∂y = ∂∂x
Q
exact if
∂P ∂Q
Check ∂y = − 12 ∂x ∴ o.d.e. is
x
: = exact.
Since equation exact, u(x, y) exists
such that
∂u ∂u
du = dx +
∂x ∂y
dy
= P dx + Q dy = 0
and equation has u = C, C =
solution constant.
EXERCISE:


Solve the DE
FIRST ORDER LINEAR D.E
NON-HOMOGENOUS LDE
CONT.
APPLICATIONS
CONT
CONT.
CONT.
CONT.
MIXING TANK PROBLEMS
MIXING TANKS
APPLICATIONS: DECAY
DECAY
DECAY
EXERCISE

 A tank with a capacity of 500 gal originally contains


200 gal of water with a 100lb of salt in solution.
Water containing 1lb of salt per gal is entering at a
rate of 3 gal/min and the mixture is allowed to flow
out at 2 gal/min.

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