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Comm. Engg. BEC-401 Unit-1 Part-II

Double Side Band Suppressed Carrier (DSB-SC) modulation enhances power efficiency by removing the carrier component, but requires complex receivers for synchronization. DSB-SC signals can be generated using various modulators and have a bandwidth that is double that of the modulating signal. Detection of DSB-SC involves coherent detection methods, such as using a Costas loop receiver to recover the carrier frequency for accurate demodulation.

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14 views61 pages

Comm. Engg. BEC-401 Unit-1 Part-II

Double Side Band Suppressed Carrier (DSB-SC) modulation enhances power efficiency by removing the carrier component, but requires complex receivers for synchronization. DSB-SC signals can be generated using various modulators and have a bandwidth that is double that of the modulating signal. Detection of DSB-SC involves coherent detection methods, such as using a Costas loop receiver to recover the carrier frequency for accurate demodulation.

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Double Side Band Suppressed Carrier

(DSB-SC) Modulation

• The carrier component in full AM or DSB-FC does not


convey any information. Hence it may be removed or
suppressed to attain higher power efficiency.
• The trade off of achieving a higher power efficiency
using DSB-SC is at the expense of requiring a complex
and expensive receiver due to the absence of carrier in
order to maintain transmitter/receiver synchronization.
• Thus, by suppressing the carrier, we obtain a
modulated wave that is proportional to the product of
the carrier wave and the message signal.
Generation of DSB-SC

• The simplest method of generating a DSB-SC signal is merely


to filter out the carrier portion of a full AM waveform.

• DSB-SC can be generated using Linear / Non-Linear


modulators such as (i) Product Modulator (ii) Balanced
Modulator (iii) Ring / Lattice / Chopper Modulator etc.
Generation of DSB-SC (Product Modulator)

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Bandwidth of DSBSC

• All the transmitted power is contained in the two sidebands


(no carrier present).
• The bandwidth is twice the modulating signal bandwidth.
Bandwidth of DSBSC = 2 fm
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DSBSC

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DSBSC

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Generation of DSB-SC (Balanced Modulator)
BALANCED MODULATOR USING DIODES (NON-
LINEAR)
v1 = Cos ωc t + x (t)
v2 = Cos ωc t - x (t)

Nonlinear characteristics can be approximated by a


power series as:

I = a.v + bv 2

Hence, the currents i1 and i2 are given by:

i 1 = a. [Cos ωc t +x(t)] + b [Cos ωc t+x(t)] 2

2
V0 = i1 R - i2 R

V0 = 2R [2bx(t) cos ωc t + ax(t)]

The element a.x(t) in this equation can be


filtered out by using a band-pass tuned to ωc
at the output terminals.

So finally output V0 = 4Rbx(t) cos ωc t


It is required DSBSC Signal.
Ring / Chopper / Lattice
Modulator
Ring Modulator
• In this diagram, the four diodes D1,D2,D3 and D4
are connected in the ring structure. Hence, this
modulator is called as the ring modulator.
• Two center tapped transformers are used in this
diagram. The message signal m(t) is applied to the
input transformer. Whereas, the carrier signals c(t)
is applied between the two center tapped
transformers.
• For positive half cycle of the carrier signal, the
diodes D1 and D3 are switched ON and the other
two diodes D2 and D4 are switched OFF. In this case,
the message signal is multiplied by +1.
• For negative half cycle of the carrier signal, the
diodes D2 and D4 are switched ON and the
other two diodes D1 and D3 are switched OFF.
In this case, the message signal is multiplied by
-1.
• From the above analysis, we can say that the
four diodes D1, D2, D3 and D4 are controlled by
the carrier signal.
• If the carrier is a square wave, then the Fourier
series representation of c(t) is represented as
c(t) =4/ π Ʃ (−1)n−1 cos[2πfct(2n−1)
-----
We will get DSBSC wave s(t), which is just the
product of the carrier signal and the message
signal.

Finally S (t) = c (t) . m (t)

DSBSC modulators are also called as product


modulators as they produce the output, which is the
product of two input signals.
Detection of DSB-SC
Following demodulators (detectors) are used for demodulating DSB-SC wave:

 Coherent Detector / Synchronous detector

 Costas Loop Receiver (Practical Synchronous Receiving System)

22
Coherent/Synchronous Detection
 The DSB-SC signal s(t) is applied to a product modulator in which it is
multiplied with the locally generated carrier A ccos2πfct.

 We assume that this locally generated carrier is exactly coherent or


synchronized (identical) in both frequency and phase with the original
carrier wave c(t) used at the transmitter to generate the DSB-SC wave.

 The output of the product modulator is then applied to a low pass filter
(LPF; with a cut-off frequency fm) which eliminates all the unwanted
frequency components and produces the message signal.

 This method of detection is called as coherent detection or synchronous


detection as shown in figure below:

23
Effect of Frequency and Phase Error in Coherent/Synchronous Detection

To demodulate DSB-SC signal by synchronous detection, one must generate a local carrier of
same frequency and phase at the receiver side. Any discrepancy in the frequency and/or
phase of local carrier give rise to a distortion in the detector output. So, it is required to
consider the following two situations:

1. The local oscillator has an ideal frequency, but arbitrary phase difference measured with
respect to the carrier is referred to as Phase Error.
2. The local oscillator has identical phase but a difference frequency with respect to carrier
is referred to as Frequency error.

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COHERENT (SYNCHRONOUS) DETECTION

v(t) vo(t)
DSB-SC Signal s(t) X LPF

Coswct

Local Oscillator
• It is necessary to have synchronization in both
frequency and phase between the transmitter
(modulator) & receiver (demodulator), when DSB-SC
modulation ,which is of the coherent type, is used.
Both phase and frequency must be known to
demodulate DSB-SC waveforms.
Costa’s Receiver
A Costas receiver, also known as a Costas loop, is a type of phase-
locked loop (PLL) used to recover the carrier frequency from
suppressed-carrier signals. It's particularly effective for demodulating
Double-Sideband Suppressed Carrier (DSBSC) signals, where the
carrier is not transmitted but recovered at the receiver. The loop
corrects any phase errors in the local oscillator, ensuring accurate
demodulation.

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Power in DSBSC

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DSBSC

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DSBSC

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DSBSC

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Single-Sideband (SSB)
Modulation
Power Relations in SSB Modulation
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SSBSC
SSBSC
Single-Sideband (SSB) /SSB-SC
Modulator
(SSB Generation)

How to generate SSB signal?


• Generate DSB-SC signal
• Band-pass filter to pass only one of the sideband
and suppress the other.
For the generation of an SSB modulated signal
to be possible, the message spectrum must have
Frequency Discrimination (Filter Method)
Phase Discrimination (Phase Shift Method)

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Comparison of Amplitude Modulation methods

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