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Unit 2

The document covers the frequency response of amplifiers, focusing on common emitter/common source amplifiers and high-frequency transistor models, including hybrid-π and T models of BJTs. It discusses the effects of capacitances in transistors and the principles of feedback systems in amplifiers, detailing how feedback modifies input signals and influences amplifier gain. Additionally, it outlines different feedback topologies and their impact on input and output impedances.

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6 views48 pages

Unit 2

The document covers the frequency response of amplifiers, focusing on common emitter/common source amplifiers and high-frequency transistor models, including hybrid-π and T models of BJTs. It discusses the effects of capacitances in transistors and the principles of feedback systems in amplifiers, detailing how feedback modifies input signals and influences amplifier gain. Additionally, it outlines different feedback topologies and their impact on input and output impedances.

Uploaded by

djpsdon
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Analog Circuits

(BEC-402)
Unit-2
Frequency Response of Amplifiers
Syllabus
Common Emitter / Common Source Amplifier
Frequency Response of Amplifier
High Frequency Transistor Model
 hybrid-π and T models of the BJT, including capacitive effects.
 Specifically, there are two capacitances: the emitter–base capacitance Cπ = Cde + Cje and
the collector–base capacitance Cμ.
 Typically, Cπ is in the range of a few pico farads to a few tens of pico farads, and Cμ is in
the range of a fraction of a pico farad to a few pico farads.
 Note that we have also added a resistor rx to model the resistance of the silicon material of
the base region between the base terminal B and a fictitious internal, or intrinsic, base
terminal B that is right under the emitter region.
 Typically, rx is a few tens of ohms, and its value depends on the current level in a rather
complicated manner.
 Since (usually) rx much less than rπ , its effect is negligible at low frequencies. Its
presence is felt, however, at high frequencies, as will become apparent later.
 For small signals, we can define the small-signal diffusion capacitance Cde,
 The Base–Emitter Junction Capacitance Cje A change in vBE changes not only
the charge stored in the base region but also the charge stored in the base–emitter
depletion layer.
 This distinct charge-storage effect is represented by the EBJ depletion-layer
capacitance, Cje.
 The Collector–Base Junction Capacitance Cμ In active-mode operation, the CBJ
is reverse biased, and its junction or depletion capacitance, usually denoted Cμ, can
be found
The BJT unity gain frequency
• A node equation at C provides the short-circuit collector current Ic as
Common Emitter Amplifier
High Frequency model of MOSFET

(a) High-frequency, equivalent-circuit model for


the MOSFET.
(b) The equivalent circuit for
the case in which the source is connected to
the substrate (body).
(c) The equivalent-circuit model of (b) with
Cdb neglected (to simplify analysis).
Frequency Response of Amplifiers
Frequency response of multistage
Feedback
• A feedback system is one in which the output signal is sampled and then fed back to
the input to form an error signal that drives the system.
• feedback is comprised of a sub-circuit that allows a fraction of the output signal from
a system to modify the effective input signal in such a way as to produce a response
that can differ substantially from the response produced in the absence of such
feedback.
• Feedback Systems are very useful and widely used in amplifier circuits, oscillators,
process control systems as well as other types of electronic systems.
General feedback structure
 The basic amplifier is unilateral and has a gain A, known as the open-loop gain;
thus its output xo is related to the input xi by xo = Axi
 The feedback network measures or samples the output signal xo and provides a
feedback signal xf that is related to xo by the feedback factor β, xf = βxo
• The feedback signal xf is subtracted from the source signal xs, which is the input to
the complete feedback amplifier,1 to produce the signal xi, which is the input to the
basic amplifier, xi = xs −xf
• Here we note that it is this subtraction that makes the feedback negative. In essence,
negative
• Feedback reduces the signal that appears at the input of the basic amplifier.
• The gain of the feedback amplifier, known as the closed-loop gain or the gain-with-
feedback
• and denoted Af , is defined as
• The quantity Aβ is called the loop gain, a name that follows from Fig.
• For the feedback to be negative, the loop gain Aβ must be positive; that is, the
feedback signal xf should have the same sign as xs, thus resulting in a smaller
difference signal xi.
• for positive Aβ the gain with feedback Af will be smaller than the open-loop gain A
by a factor equal to 1 + Aβ, which is called the amount of feedback.
Feedback Topologies
• There are four basic ways of connecting the feedback signal. Both voltage and
current can be fed back to the input either in series or parallel. Specifically, there can
be:
• 1. Voltage-series feedback.
• 2. Voltage-shunt feedback.
• 3. Current-series feedback.
• 4. Current-shunt feedback.
• Series feedback connections tend to increase the input resistance, whereas shunt
feedback connections tend to decrease the input resistance.
• Voltage feedback tends to decrease the output impedance, whereas current feedback
tends to increase the output impedance.
• Typically, higher input and lower output impedances are desired for most cascade
amplifiers.
• Both of these are provided using the voltage-series feedback connection.
Voltage Series feedback
Voltage Shunt Feedback
• Input Impedance
• Output Impedance
Current Series Feedback
Thank You

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