Principles and Practices

of Management and
Organizational Behaviour

 Chapter 1 Question and Answer of Introduction to Management

By Deven Bonde

Section BBA {A} ,First Year
 1. Define the term Management ?

The answer may vary from person to person.

Management is the process of designing and maintaining an environment in
which individuals, working together in groups, efficiently accomplish selected aims.

 Management is defined as the process by which a cooperative group directs action towards
common goals.
— Joseph Massie
 To manage is to forecast and to plan, to organize, to command, to co-ordinate, and to control
the objectives by the use of people and resources.
—
Henry Fayol
 Management is a distinct process consisting of planning, organizing, acting, and controlling performed to
determine and accomplish the objectives by the use of people and resources .
—George R Terry
 2. What are the different
Features/Characteristics of
Management ?
Management Management
Aims at is
Obtaining Multidisciplinar
Wealthy y in Nature
Reasults.

Management
Management Management
Management is a
is a System is a
is Intangible Continuous
of Authority profession
process
Management
implies Skill and Management is
experience in a Science as
getting things well as Art
done through
people
Management
Management Management Management is a
is Goal- implies Good is a Group Universal
oriented leadership Activity Activity
Management
Management
Uses a
is Dynamic
Professional
and not
Approach in
Static
work.
 3. What are the Objectives of
Management ?

 Organizational Objectives: Manager is Expected to work for the achievement of the objectives of
the particular organization in which it exists.
Organizational objectives includes:
a. Reasonable profits so as to give a fair return on the capital invested in business
b. Survival and solvency of the business, i.e., continuity
c. Growth and expansion of the enterprise
d. Improving the goodwill or reputation of the enterprise.

 Personal Objectives: An organization Consists of several persons who have their own objectives.
These objectives are as follows:
a. Fair remuneration for work performed
b. Reasonable Working conditions
c. Opportunities for training and development
d. Participation in management and prosperity of the enterprise
e. Reasonable security of Service.
 Social Objectives: Management is not only a representative of the owners and workers, but is also
responsible to the various groups outside the organization. It is expected to fulfill the objectives of
the society which are given below :
a. Quality of goods and services at fair price to consumers.
b. Honest and prompt payment of taxes to the Government.
c. Conservation of environment and natural resources.

What are the function of

Organizational Objectives
in Management /What are
organizational
Objectives ?

This type of
T What are the function of
Question can also be Personal Objectives in
Management /What are
asked. can also be asked Personal Objectives ?
like

What are the function of

Social Objectives in
Management /What are
Social Objectives ?
4. Explain the Importance of
Management ?

a. Determines the Objectives and Goals of the organization

b. Encourages Innovation
c. Management Provides Guidance to the Workers to work Properly and efficiently
d. Motivates the Workers to work Hard by providing them various incentives
e. Reduces the cost and increases the output
f. Helps in optimum utilization of Resources
g. Guides in Selection of well qualified human Power
h. In Establishing Equilibrium in business
i. Provides good Standard of living to his workers
 5. What are the different levels of
Management ?

There are three levels of Management

 Top Level or Strategic-Level Management [CEO, Board of Directors, MD, President, Vice-President]

 Middle Level Management [General Managers, Functional Managers, Plant Manager]

 Lower, Supervisory or Operative-Level Management [Supervisor, Team leader, Office Manager

Foreman, Labour, Worker]
 specify the Role of Top level, Middle
level and Operative Levels in
Management ?
 Top/Strategic-level Management
­ Setting up the organizational goals and objectives.
­ Designing strategies to achieve the predefined organizational goals.
­ To decide on the organizational structure, hierarchy, various positions to be created and relation between these positions.
 Middle-level Management
­ To prepare the departmental plan aligned with the organizational plan.
­ To identify the department-level goals and objectives and frame strategies to achieve the same.
­ To carry out all the managerial activities for smooth functioning of the department.
 Lower/Supervisory/Operative-level Management
­ Planning the routine activities.
­ Assigning tasks and issuing orders to workforce.
­ Supervision and guidance to workforce.
 6. What are the Process of
Management?

 Planning: Planning (also called Forethought) is the process of thinking about and organizing the
activities required to achieve a desired goal. The Process of planning includes the following steps:
• Defining Goals,
• Establishing Strategy, and
• Developing Plans to coordinate activities

 Organizing: Includes determining what tasks to be done, who is to do them, how the tasks are to be
grouped, who reports to whom, and where decisions are to be made. The process of Organizing
includes the following steps:
• Division of Work
• Assigning the Work
• Assigning the responsibility
• Assigning the Authority
• Providing the Required Resources and
• Controlling the Activities Throughout
 Staffing: Includes assigning the Right person for the Right job.

 Leading/ Directing: Includes motivating employees, directing the activities of others, selecting the
most effective communication channel, and Resolving conflicts.

 Controlling: The process of Monitoring Performance, Comparing it with goals and Correcting any
significant deviations.
 Process of Management

Planning

Controlling Organizing

Directing Staffing
 7. What are the Skills Required for the
Managers / What are the Managerial
Skills ?
 Conceptual Skills: A manager’s mental ability to coordinate all of the organization’s interests and
activities

 Interpersonal Skills: A manager’s ability to work with, understand, mentor, and motivate others,
both individually and in groups

 Technical Skills: A manager’s ability to use the tools, procedures, and techniques of a specialized
field.

 Political Skills: A manager’s ability to build a power base and establish the right connections.
8. What are the Environmental
Factors Affecting the
organization ?
Internal Factors External Factors
• Owners • Political Environment

• Suppliers • Economical

• Customers • Social

• Creditors • Technological

• Bankers • Environmental

• Competitors • Legal

• Government

• Value System

• Physical resources
 9. Define Bureaucratic Organization
?

An administrative or Social System that relies on a set of rules and procedures, Separation of
functions and a hierarchical structure in implementing controls over an organization, government or
Social System. Large administrative Staffs are most common in Large organizations that need
Standardized Rules and Procedures or Consistency across a wide range of business activities.
Organizations grow in size with increased functional specialization, resulting in strategic, tactical, and
operational layers of management coordinating the organizational effort. The result is a bureaucratic approach
to organizational structure.

A system of administration distinguished by its:

1. Clear hierarchy of authority,
2. Rigid division of labor,
3. Written and inflexible rules, regulations, and procedures, and impersonal relationships.
4. Once instituted, bureaucracies are difficult to dislodge or change. Work breakdown structure
5. Levels of authority
 10.What are the Recent Trends in
Management ?
Recent trends in management refer to the latest managerial practices that managers use to
effectively manage their employees. As the market situation evolves, the managerial trends also
evolve and change. These changes are subject to the market conditions of that time period. The most
popular recent trends in management are Total Quality Management, Risk Management, Crisis
Management etc. Let’s understand in detail the following topics:
 Six Sigma
­ Six Sigma is an approach to better quality of process output by recognizing and eliminating
the causes of faults and to reduce inconsistency in manufacturing and business processes.
 Knowledge Management
­ Knowledge management is all about capturing, storing, and sharing expertise across
organizations which revolves around a specific lifecycle comprising of the following: create,
store, find, acquire, use, and learn
 11.Management is a Combination of
Science and Art. Discuss ?

Management knowledge exhibits characteristics of art and science, the two not mutually exclusive but
supplementary. Every discipline of art is always backed by science which is basic knowledge of that art.
Similarly, every discipline of science is complete only when it is used in practice for solving various
kinds of problems faced by human beings in an organization or in other fields of social life which is more
related to an art. Art basically deals with an application of knowledge personal skill and know-how in a
specific situation for efficiently achieving a given objective. It is concerned with the best way of doing
things and is consequently, personalized in nature.
During the primitive stages of development of management knowledge, it was considered as an art.
There was a jungle of managerial knowledge. It was not codified and systemized. People used it to get
things done by others, in their own way giving an impression that whosoever uses it, knows the art of
using it. This kind of loose and inadequate understanding of management supported the view that it
was an art.
 12.Explain Management as a
Science ?

Science means a systematic body of knowledge pertaining to a specific field of study. It contains
general principles and facts which explains a phenomenon. These principles establish cause-and-effect
relationship between two or more factors. These principles and theories help to explain past events and
may be used to predict the outcome of actions. Scientific methods of observations and experiments are
used to develop principles of science. The principles of science have universal application and validity.
Thus, the essential features of science are as follows:
i. Basic facts or general principles capable of universal application
ii. Developed through scientific enquiry or experiments
iii. Establish cause and effect relationships between various factors.
iv. Their validity can be verified and they serve as reliable guide for predicting future events.

Let us now examine as to what extend management satisfies the above canditions:

a. Systematic Body of knowledge: Management has a systematic body of knowledge consisting of

general principles and techniques. These help to explain events and serve as guidelines for
managers in different types of organizations.
b. Universal Principles: scientific principles represent basic facts about a particular field enquiry. These
are objective and represent best thinking on the subject. These principles may be applied in all
situations and all times. Exceptions , if any, can be logically explained.

c. Scientific Enquiry And Experiments: Scientific principles are derived through scientific investigation
and reasoning. It means that there is an objective or unbiased assessment of the problem situation and
the action chosen to solve it can be explained logically. Scientific Principles do not reflect the opinion of
an individual or of a religious guru. Rather these can be Scientifically proved at any time. They are
critically tested.
13.Explain Management as a Art ?
Thank You…