Course Title: Foundations of Engineering

Calculus
• Course Code: KXEX 1144

Lecture-01

• Topic: Concept of domain and range of function,

graphs of function
 What is Calculus?
• A systematic method for solving problems about
systems that change.
• A language for describing dynamic systems.
• A collection of ideas based on infinite processes and
limits.

Calculus

Differential Calculus Integral Calculus

 Systems that change

• Precalculus • Calculus
Limit
Process

• Calculate the slope of line… even when the

shape of the line is always changing!
 Systems that change

• Precalculus Limit • Calculus

Process y x 3  6x 2  9x 1
5 5



4 4
Area = 20 Area = 12

• Calculate the area under a curve…

even when the height is always changing!
 "Velocity is the derivative of position"
ds
v
dt
• The relation between velocity and position is
given precisely in the language of calculus.
 is the derivative of momentum"
"Force
d(mv)
F
dt
• Newton's second law of motion is accurately and
precisely described in the language of calculus.

 Other things calculus can do:

• Explain why the angle between an observer and

a rainbow is 42 degrees.
• Connect designs on a laser printer to form letters
of arbitrary size.
• Find the best seat in the theater for viewing a
movie.
• Etc.
 Calculus was used to:
• Find trajectory of flight, airborne bombs and
missiles
• Find amount of fuel needed
• Help solve the problems of resource and energy
distribution that are necessary for peace on
earth.
 VARIABLES
A variable is… something that can be changed.

Variables are used in Math, Engineering and

Science!
In our math problems, the numbers we changed
were called variables.

2+2=4

A constant is… something that does not change.

In our math problems, the number we decided not to

change could be called a constant.
 Independent and dependent variables

Independent variable
(The one number we changed)

2+2=4

Constant Dependent variable

(It stayed the same) (The number that depended
on the independent variable)
 Independent Variable
The independent variable is always located on the
_________
x-axis of a graph.
Input (domain)
The independent variable is the ________________.

“x”
It is usually the ________ in a table or equation.

The independent variable STANDS ALONE

(__________).
Does not depend
FIRST
The independent variable is what happens _______.

The variable in a function whose value is subject to choice

is the independent variable. The independent variable
affects the value of the dependent variable.
 Dependent Variable
The dependent variable is always located on the
y-axis of a graph.
_________
The dependent variable is theOutput (Range)
______________.
“y”
It is usually the _______ in a table or equation.

The dependent variable DEPENDS on the

independent
________________.
variable
The dependent variable is what happens2nd
_______.

The dependent variable in a function

whose value is determined by the
independent variable.
 Relations and Functions
A relation assigns the x’s with y’s

1
2
2
4
3
6
4 8
5 10

Domain (set of all x’s) Range (set of all y’s)

This relation can be written {(1,6), (2,2), (3,4), (4,8), (5,10)}

 A function f from set A to set B is a rule of correspondence
that assigns to each element x in the set A exactly one
element y in the set B.

1 No
a re 2 x
tha has
x’s d 2 n m
l l gne 4 a ss o n e o r e
A si 3 ign y
as 6 ed
4 8
5 10

Set A is the domain Set B is the range

This is a function ---it
meets our conditions Must use all the x’s

The x value can only be assigned to one y

 Let’s look at another relation and decide if it is a function.
The second condition says each x can have only one y, but it CAN
be the same y as another x gets assigned to.

1 No
a re 2 x
tha has
x’s d 2 n m
l l gne 4 a ss o n e o r e
A si 3 ign y
as 6 ed
4 8
5 10

Set A is the domain Set B is the range

This is a function
---it meets our Must use all the x’s
conditions
The x value can only be assigned to one y
A good example that you can “relate” to is students in our
maths class this semester are set A. The grade they earn out
of the class is set B. Each student must be assigned a grade
and can only be assigned ONE grade, but more than one
student can get the same grade (we hope so---we want lots of
A’s). The example shown on the previous screen had each
student getting the same grade. That’s okay.

1
2
2
4
3
6
4 8
5 10

2 was assigned both 4 and 10

Is the relation shown above a function? NO Why not???

 Check this relation out to determine if it is a function.
It is not---3 didn’t get assigned to anything
Comparing to our example, a student in maths must receive a grade

1
2
2
4
3
6
4 8
5 10

Set A is the domain Set B is the range

This is not a
function---it doesn’t Must use all the x’s
assign each x with
ay The x value can only be assigned to one y
 Check this relation out to determine if it is a function.
This is fine—each student gets only one grade. More than one can
get an A and I don’t have to give any D’s (so all y’s don’t need to be
used).

1
2
2
4
3
6
4 8
5 10

Set A is the domain Set B is the range

This is a function Must use all the x’s

The x value can only be assigned to one y

We commonly call functions by letters. Because function
starts with f, it is a commonly used letter to refer to functions.

f x  2 x  3x  6 2
This means
the right hand The left side DOES NOT MEAN
side is a f times x like brackets usually do,
This means the
function it simply tells us what is on the
right hand side
called f right hand side.
has the variable x
in it

The left hand side of this equation is the function notation.

It tells us two things. We called the function f and the
variable in the function is x.
 Even and Odd Functions
Even Function : If f(-x) = f(x) for all x, then f(x) is called an even function.

Example: f(x)= cosx

Odd Function : If f(-x)= - f(x) for all x, then f(x) is called an odd function.

Example: f(x)= sinx

Domain: In a set of ordered pairs, (x, y), the
domain is the set of all x-coordinates.
Range: In a set of ordered pairs, (x, y), the range
is the set of all y-coordinates.
The set of ordered pairs may be a limited number of
points. Given the following set of ordered pairs, find
the domain and range.

Ex:{(2,3),(-1,0),(2,-5),(0,-3)}
If a number occurs more than
Domain: {2,-1,0} once, you do not need to list it
more than one time.
Range: {3,0,-5,-3}
The set of ordered pairs may be an infinite number of
points, described by an algebraic expression.

Given the following function, find the domain and

range.
Example: f (x)  x  5
Domain: {x: x≥5} Range: {y: y≥0}

Example: Find the domain and range of the following sets

of ordered pairs.
1. {(3,7),(-3,7),(7,-2),(-8,-5),(0,-1)}

Domain:{3,-3,7,-8,0} Range:{7,-2,-5,-1}
The set of ordered pairs may be an infinite
number of points, described by a graph.
6

1. 5

Given the following 3

graph, find the domain 2

and range.
1

-6 -4 -2 2 4

-1

Domain:{all real numbers}

Range:{y:y≥0}
 2.
10

-10 10 20

-5

-10

Domain = {x:
-15 x 3 } Range:{all reals}
 2
3. f (x) 3x  4
Domain={all reals} Range:{ y: y ≥ -4}

2
4. f (x)  Domain={x: x≠0}
x Range:{y: y≠0}
2 2
5. x  y 4 Note: This is NOT a
Function!

Domain={x: -2≤x≤2} Range:{y: -2≤y≤2}

6. f (x) 3(x  1)  2
Domain={all reals} Range:{all reals}

7. f ( x) sin x
Domain={all reals} Range:{y: -1 ≤ y ≤ 1}

8. f ( x)  x
Domain={all reals} Range:{y: y ≥ 0}
 Summary of How to Find the
Domain of a Function
• Look for any fractions or square roots that could cause one
of the two "illegals" to happen. If there aren't any, then the
domain is All real numbers x.
• If there are fractions, figure out what values would make the
bottom equal zero and those are the values you can't use.
The answer would be: All real numbers x such that x ≠
those values.
• If there is a square root, the "stuff" under the square root
cannot be negative so set the stuff ≥ 0 and solve. Then
answer would be: All real numbers x such that x ≠
whatever you got when you solved.
NOTE: Of course your variable doesn't have to be x, can be
whatever is in the problem.
 Graphing a function in 2 variables

1. Construct a table of values

2. Plot the points
3. Connect the points with a line or
curve
Example
Draw graph: y = x + 1

Step 1 Step 2 & 3

Table of values
Recall that for a relation to be a function, for each x there can
only be one y value. Let’s look at a couple of graphs.
2 2
y x x y

x=0 x=1
x = -2 x = -1 x = 0 x = 1
Look at different x values At x = 1 there are two y
and see there is only one values.
y value on the graph for it. This then is NOT a
This IS a function function
From what we've just seen, we can tell by looking
at a graph of an equation if it is a function or not
by what we call the vertical line test.
If a vertical line intersects the graph of an equation
more than one time, the equation graphed is NOT a
function.

This is NOT a
This is a function function
This is a function