Adama Science and Technology University

School of Electrical Engineering and Computing

Department of Electronics and Communication

Course Name: Signal and Systems Analysis

Course code: ECE 2204
Tewodros Endale
05/26/2025 20231
 Outline

CHAPTER Six
The Laplace Transform

1 The Laplace Transform (LT)

2 The Region of Convergence for Laplace Transforms
3 Some Laplace Transform Pairs
4 Property of Laplace Transform
5 Inverse Laplace Transform
05/26/2025 Chapter 6 2
 Laplace transform

• Signals can be represented as linear combinations of basic signals

that possess the following two properties:
1. The set of basic signals can be used to construct a broad and
useful class of signals.
2. The response of an LTI system to each signal should be simple
enough in structure to provide us with a convenient
representation for the response of the system to any signal
constructed as a linear combination of the basic signals.

,&

05/26/2025 Chapter 6 3
 Cont’d

• the response of a linear time-invariant system with impulse response

h(t) to a complex exponential input of the form est is:

• Fourier transform provides us with a representation for signals as

linear combinations of complex exponentials of the form

,&

05/26/2025 Chapter 6 4
 Cont’d

• For a signal x(t), its Laplace transform

∞
X(s) is defined by:
𝑋 ( 𝑠 )= ∫ 𝑥 ( 𝑡 ) 𝑒
− 𝑠𝑡
𝑑𝑡
−∞
• where s is a complex variable and s = + jω,
• σ Attenuation constant, and jω complex frequency X(s).
• The integration is taken from −∞ to +∞, bilateral LT or double sided LT
∞
• One sided LT is defined as
𝑋 ( 𝑠 )=∫ 𝑥 ( 𝑡 ) 𝑒
− 𝑠𝑡
𝑑𝑡
0
• Laplace transform in operator form is denoted as
• and the transform relationship between x(t) and X(s) is denoted as

05/26/2025 Chapter 6 5
 Cont’d
+ jω

is
05/26/2025 Chapter 6 6
 Example

For a signal x(t) = e−at u(t), find the Laplace transform X(s)
ANS

,u(t) = 0 for t < 0 and u(t) = 1 for t ≥ 0,

s is complex and as t→∞, the term e−(s+a)t does not necessarily vanish

regardless of the value of

as t→∞, if > 0 & if 0

05/26/2025 Chapter 6 7
 Cont’d
⸫

Example II
For a signal x(t) =- e−at u(-t), find the Laplace transform X(s)

0
𝑋 ( 𝑠 )=− ∫ 𝑒
− 𝑎𝑡 − 𝑠𝑡
𝑒 𝑑𝑡
−∞

05/26/2025 Chapter 6 8
 Cont’d

05/26/2025 Chapter 6 9
 Cont’d
Example III

ANS

05/26/2025 Chapter 6 10
 Cont’d

Poles Zeros

05/26/2025 Chapter 6 11
 The ROC for Laplace Transforms

• Property 1: The ROC of X(s) consists of strips parallel to the jaxis

in the s-plane.
i.e the ROC of the Laplace transform of x(t) consists of those values of
s for which is absolutely integrable:

then follows, since this condition depends only on , the real part of s.
• Property 2: For rational Laplace transforms, the ROC does not
contain any poles.
i.e is infinite at a pole, the integral clearly does not converge at a pole,
and thus the ROC cannot contain values of s that are poles.

05/26/2025 Chapter 6 12
 Cont’d

• Property 3: If x(t) is of finite duration and is absolutely integrable,

then the ROC is the entire s-plane.

• Reading Assignment: Please, read and practice

different examples on the above properties of ROC
in Laplace transform.
• Signals & Systems Analysis ALAN V.
OPPENHEIM (Additional Reference)

05/26/2025 Chapter 6 13
 Some Selected Laplace Transform
Pairs
S/N x(t) x(s) 9 u(t)
1 u(t)
10 u(t)

2 tu(t) 11 u(t)

3 u(t) 12 u(t)

13 u(t)
4 1
5 14 u(t)

6 u(t) 15 u(t)

7 u(t)

8 u(t)

05/26/2025 Chapter 6 14
 Properties of Laplace Transform
1. Linearity property
If
(t) X1(s) ,with a ROC that will be denoted as R 1
& (t) X2(s), with a ROC that will be denoted as R 2
Then
a(t) + b(t) aX1(s) + bX2(s) with ROC containing R1 R2
2. Time Shift
If
(t) X(s), with ROC = R,
Then
(t-) X(s), with ROC = R,
A time shift in the signal introduces frequency shift in frequency domain.
05/26/2025 Chapter 6 15
 Cont’d

3. Shifting in the s-Domain

If
(t) X(s), with ROC = R,
Then
(t) X(s-), with ROC = R+
4. Time Scaling
If
(t) X(s), with ROC = R,
Then
(at) X(), with ROC = aR

05/26/2025 Chapter 6 16
 Cont’d
5. Conjugation
If
(t) X(s), with ROC = R,
Then
(t) (), with ROC = R
6. Convolution Property
If
(t) X1(s) ,with a ROC that will be denoted as R 1
& (t) X2(s), with a ROC that will be denoted as R 2
Then
(t) * (t) X1(s) X2(s) with ROC containing R1 R2

05/26/2025 Chapter 6 17
 Cont’d

7. Differentiation in the Time Domain

If
(t) X(s), with ROC = R,
Then
X(s), with ROC = R,
8. Differentiation in the s Domain
If
(t) X(s), with ROC = R,
Then
(t) with ROC = R,
05/26/2025 Chapter 6 18
 Cont’d

9. Integration in the Time Domain

If
(t) X(s), with ROC = R,
Then
with ROC containing R > 0
10. Pareval’s Theorem or Rayleigh’s Theorem and The Initial- and
Final-Value Theorems reading assignment

05/26/2025 Chapter 6 19
 The Inverse Laplace Transform
+ jω

==
)

05/26/2025 Chapter 6 20
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 Example

05/26/2025 Chapter 6 23
 Cont’d

𝑉 (𝑡 )=𝑉 𝑅 ( 𝑡 ) +𝑉 𝐶 ( 𝑡 ) +𝑉 𝐿 (𝑡 )

0=𝑉 𝑅 ( 𝑡 ) +𝑉 𝐶 (𝑡 ) +𝑉 𝐿 ( 𝑡 )

05/26/2025 Chapter 6 24
 Cont’d
ℒ { 𝑉 𝑅 ( 𝑡 ) +𝑉 𝐶 ( 𝑡 ) +𝑉 𝐿 ( 𝑡 ) } =0

{ }
𝑡
𝑑𝑖(𝑡) 1
ℒ 𝑅𝑖 ( 𝑡 ) +𝐿 + ∫ 𝑖 ( 𝑡 ) 𝑑𝑡 +𝑉 𝐶 ( 0 ) =0
𝑑𝑡 𝐶 − ∞

{ }
𝑡
𝑑𝑖(𝑡) 1
ℒ { 𝑅𝑖 ( 𝑡 ) } +ℒ{ 𝐿 }+ℒ ∫ 𝑖 ( 𝑡 ) 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑉 𝐶 ( 0 ) =0 linearity property
𝑑𝑡 𝐶 −∞
𝐼 ( 𝑠) 𝑉 0
𝑅𝐼 ( 𝑠 ) + 𝐿 [ 𝑠𝐼 ( 𝑠 ) − 𝐼 0 ] + + =0
𝐶𝑠 𝑠
𝑉0 Differentiation and integration property
𝑠 𝐼 0−
𝐿
𝐼 ( 𝑠) =
𝑅 1
𝑠2 + 𝑠+
𝐿 𝐿𝐶

ℒ− 1 { 𝐼 ( 𝑠 ) } =𝑖 ( 𝑡 )

05/26/2025 Chapter 6 25
 Example

• Determine the Laplace transforms (including the

regions of convergence) of each of the following
signals:

05/26/2025 Chapter 6 26
 Cont’d

Solution i. ∞
𝑋 ( 𝑠 )= ∫ 𝑥 ( 𝑡 ) 𝑒
− 𝑠𝑡
𝑑𝑡
−∞
∞
𝑋 ( 𝑠 )= ∫ ( 𝑒 𝑢(𝑡 −3) ) 𝑒
− 2 (𝑡 − 3 ) − 𝑠𝑡
𝑑𝑡
−∞
∞
𝑋 ( 𝑠 )=∫ 𝑒 𝑒 ) 𝑒 𝑑𝑡
( 6 −2 𝑡 − 𝑠𝑡

3
∞
𝑋 ( 𝑠 )=𝑒 ∫ 𝑒
6 −(2 +𝑠)𝑡
𝑑𝑡
3

|
−(2 +𝑠 )𝑡 ∞ −3𝑠
𝑒 6 𝑒
𝑋 ( 𝑠 )=𝑒 = 𝑅𝑒 ( 𝑠 ) ≻ −2
−(2+ 𝑠) 3 ( 2+𝑠 )
05/26/2025 Chapter 6 27
 Cont’d

Solution ii. ∞
𝑋 ( 𝑠 )= ∫ 𝑥 ( 𝑡 ) 𝑒
− 𝑠𝑡
𝑑𝑡
−∞
∞
𝑋 ( 𝑠 )= ∫ ( ( 1 − ( 1 −𝑡 ) 𝑒 ) 𝑢(𝑡) ) 𝑒 𝑑𝑡
−3 𝑡 − 𝑠𝑡

−∞
∞
𝑋 ( 𝑠 )= ∫ ( 𝑢 (𝑡 ) − 𝑒 𝑢 ( 𝑡 ) +𝑡 𝑒 𝑢(𝑡) ) 𝑒 𝑑𝑡
−3 𝑡 −3𝑡 − 𝑠𝑡

−∞
∞
𝑋 ( 𝑠 )=∫ ( 1− 𝑒 ) 𝑒−𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡
−3𝑡 − 3𝑡
+𝑡 𝑒
0
∞ ∞ ∞
− 𝑠𝑡
𝑋 ( 𝑠 )=∫ 1 𝑒 𝑑𝑡 −∫ 𝑒 𝑒 𝑑𝑡 +∫ 𝑡 𝑒 𝑒
−𝑠𝑡 − 3𝑡 −𝑠𝑡 −3 𝑡
𝑑𝑡
0 0 0
05/26/2025 Chapter 6 28
 Cont’d

{∫ }
∞
1
ℒ 1𝑒 − 𝑠𝑡
𝑑𝑡 = ; 𝑅𝑒 ( 𝑠 ) >0
0 𝑠

{∫ }
∞
1
ℒ
−(𝑠+ 3)𝑡
𝑡𝑒 𝑑𝑡 = 2
; 𝑅𝑒 ( 𝑠 ) ≻−3
0 (𝑠+3)
Integrate by parts
−(𝑠 +3)𝑡 −1 −(𝑠 +3 )𝑡
𝑢=𝑡 ∧𝑑𝑣 =𝑒 𝑑𝑢= 𝑑𝑡 ∧𝑣= 𝑒
(𝑠 +3)

−(𝑠 +3)𝑡 1 −(𝑠 +3 )𝑡

𝑡𝑒 − 2
𝑒
(𝑠 +3)
05/26/2025 Chapter 6 29
 Example

• Determine all possible signals with Laplace

transforms of the following forms

i. X
ii. x

05/26/2025 Chapter 6 30
 Cont’d

Because both poles are at s = −1, there are just two possible regions of convergence:
s > −1 and s < −1.

ℒ
−1
{ 𝑋 ( 𝑠 ) } =ℒ− 1 { }
1
𝑠 +1
+ℒ
−1 1
(𝑠 +1)2 { }
ℒ
−1
{ 1
( 𝑠+1)
2
=𝑡 𝑒
−𝑡
}
ℒ− 1 { 1
𝑠 +1 }
=𝑒 −𝑡

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