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L17 - Address Mapping

The document discusses the network layer, focusing on address mapping, error reporting, and multicasting. It explains the functions of ARP for mapping logical to physical addresses, RARP for the reverse mapping, and introduces BOOTP and DHCP for address allocation. Additionally, it covers ICMP for error reporting and query messages, as well as IGMP for managing multicast group memberships.

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Chirag Sethi
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8 views17 pages

L17 - Address Mapping

The document discusses the network layer, focusing on address mapping, error reporting, and multicasting. It explains the functions of ARP for mapping logical to physical addresses, RARP for the reverse mapping, and introduces BOOTP and DHCP for address allocation. Additionally, it covers ICMP for error reporting and query messages, as well as IGMP for managing multicast group memberships.

Uploaded by

Chirag Sethi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Network Layer:

Address Mapping, Error Reporting,


and Multicasting
ADDRESS
MAPPING
• The delivery of a packet to a
host or a router requires two
levels of addressing: logical
and physical.
• Mapping of a logical address to
its corresponding physical
address and vice versa is
needed
• This can be done by using
either static or dynamic
mapping.
ARP (Address
Resolution
Protocol) operation
Mapping Logical to Physical Address: ARP

• The host or the router sends an ARP query packet.


• The packet includes the physical and IP addresses of
the sender and the IP address of the receiver.
• The query is broadcast over the network
ARP packet
• Hardware type- Each LAN has been assigned an
integer based on its type (e.g. Ethernet =1).

• Protocol type- The value of this field for the IPv4


protocol is 080016, ARP can be used with any higher-
level protocol.

• Hardware length- define the length of the physical


address in bytes (e.g. Ethernet the value is 6).

• Protocol length- Length of the logical address in bytes


(e.g. for the IPv4 protocol the value is 4).
• Operation.-Type of packet- ARP request (1) and ARP
reply (2).
Four cases
using ARP
o An ARP request is broadcast.

o ARP reply is unicast.


 Mapping Physical to Logical Address

• Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP) finds


the logical address for a machine that knows only
its physical address.
• To create an IP datagram, a host or a router needs
to know its own IP address or addresses. The IP
RARP address of a machine is usually read from its
configuration file stored on a disk file.
• A RARP request is created and broadcast on the
local network.
• Two protocols, BOOTP and DHCP, are replacing
RARP
BOOTP and DHCP

• The Bootstrap Protocol (BOOTP) is a client/server protocol designed to provide


physical address to logical address mapping. BOOTP is an application layer protocol and
is not a dynamic configuration protocol.
• The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) has been devised to provide static and
dynamic address allocation
• DHCP has a second database with a pool of available IP addresses for Dynamic Address
Allocation
• DHCP server issues a lease for a specific time
Internet Control Message Protocol
(ICMP)
• The IP protocol is a best-effort delivery service that delivers a datagram from its original
source to its final destination.
• No error-reporting or error-correcting mechanism.
• Lacks a mechanism for host and management queries.
• The ICMP has been designed to compensate for the above two deficiencies. It is a companion
to the IP protocol.
• ICMP always reports error messages to the original source.

General format of ICMP messages


ICMP Error Messages
• ICMP messages are divided into two broad categories:
• Error-reporting messages
• Query messages.

• When a router cannot route a datagram or a host


cannot deliver a datagram
• When a router or host discards a datagram due to Error-reporting messages
congestion.
• when not all fragments that make up a message
arrive at the destination host within a certain time
limit.  No ICMP error message will be generated for a
• If a router or the destination host discovers an datagram
ambiguous or missing value in any field of the  multicast address.
 special address such as 127.0.0.0 or
datagram.
• Redirection- To update the routing table of the 0.0.0.0.
host, it sends a redirection message to the host.
Query
messages
• Echo:-The combination of echo-request
and echo-reply messages determines
whether two systems (hosts or routers)
can communicate with each other.
• Timestamp:-To determine the round-trip
time needed for an IP datagram to travel
between them. It can also be used to
synchronize the clocks in two machines.
• Address Mask:-A host may know its IP
address as 159.31.17.24, but it may not
know that the corresponding mask is /24.
• Router solicitation:- The router-
solicitation and router-advertisement
messages can help host in knowing if the
routers are alive and functioning.
• The IP protocol can be involved in two types of communication:
Internet •
unicasting and multicasting.
IGMP is one of the necessary, but not sufficient, protocols that is
Group •
involved in multicasting.
IGMP is a companion to the IP protocol.
Managemen • IGMP is a group management protocol. It helps a multicast router
t Protocol create and update a list of loyal members related to each router
interface.

(IGMP)

IGMP message types


IGMP message format

IGMP type field


IGMP
operation
• In IGMP, a membership report is
sent twice, one after the other.
• The general query message does
not define a particular group.
ICMPv6
• Another protocol that has been
modified in version 6 of the
TCP/IP protocol suite is ICMP
(ICMPv6).
• This new version follows the
same strategy and purposes of
version 4.

Comparison of network layers in version 4 and version 6


Debugging ICMP for debugging:
• ping
tools • traceroute or tracert
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