Recap

• Diffusion is the spreading out or mixing of a substance with

another substance caused by the motion of its particles.
The process of one substance diffusing into another
continues until a homogeneous mixture is achieved.

Factors Affecting Diffusion are-

• Density: The rate of diffusion is proportional to the mass of
the liquid or gas being diffused. The lower the rate of
diffusion, the higher the density.
• Temperature: The temperature has a direct relationship
with the rate of diffusion. The kinetic energy of the
constituent units increases as the temperature rises, and
they travel faster, resulting in an enhanced rate of
diffusion.
• https://quizizz.com/admin/quiz/5d7f4ded7e
4de8001afe6d98/brownian-motion-diffusio
n
 Lesson Objective
• Students will be able to define uncertainty, accuracy and
precision and differentiate between the two terms
• Apply the concepts of accuracy and precision to a given
situation
 See- Think- Wonder
• Think about an investigation to measure the
boiling point of water.
• Decide on the instruments to be used, giving
reasons
• Apparatus

Containers to measure out the 30 cm3 of water:

• Container to boil the water in
• Thermometers for measuring the temperature of boiling water:
 Results
1. Work out the mean temperature for each set of
Boiling temperature / oC results.

Grou Grou Grou Grou 2. Which group has measured an average boiling
Test
pA pB pC p D temperature closest to the expected value, if the
pressure is 1 atmosphere?
1 90.0 95.0 99.0 102.5
3. Which group has the most accurate mean result?
2 91.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
4. Which group has the most precise set of readings?
3 90.5 101.0 99.5 101.0
5. A set of data might be described as:
Range accurate and precise
(highes inaccurate and precise
t result accurate and imprecise
– inaccurate and imprecise.
lowest 6. One of the people in group A was not happy with the
result) group’s result.

•Why do you think this was?

Mean 90.5
• Suggest two reasons why group A’s results are

different from the rest of the class.

• Suggest how group A could test out two reasons.
 Lesson Objective
• You will be able to identify the resolution of a measuring
device and the precision of measurements made with it

• Identify the uncertainty of measurement due to the

resolution of the measuring instrument that made the
measurement
 Precision and Accuracy
• Accurate- Measurements that are close to the
“correct” value – Bull’s eye
• Precise- Measurements that are close to each
other.
 The Fundamental SI base units of measurements

measurement

unit

abbreviation

instrument

picture
 The Fundamental SI base units
measurement Length mass volume temperature
time

unit meter kilogram liter Kelvin

second

abbreviation m kg l K
s

instrument ruler Balance Graduat thermometer

ed stopwatch
cylinder

picture
We are often • There are
required to make limitations to
measurements measurement
•Size limited by the
•Length devices we use to
•Amount of time make them
 How will you measure the length of an object? ( cm)
• Which of these two pictures has a better resolution?
Find the measurement in both of these
rulers?
 What is resolution?
• The smallest value to which an instrument can be read is called its
resolution.

• If the object’s actual length is 4.5 cm, what is the measurement in this
ruler?
• If the object is 5.5 cm, what is the measurement in this ruler?
 Uncertainty in measurement
• The difference between the measured value and the true
value can be called the error value of the measurement.

• Measurements are only as precise as the instrument

used.

• Here the uncertainty is due to the resolution of the ruler

For example, if you are playing baseball and your
teammate is not good at throwing you the ball, you
might have to run more to get the ball. In fact, in a
real game, your team might lose a couple of runs
because of your teammate's lack of skill. The
difference between where your teammate
is supposed to throw the ball (to your glove) vs.
where they actually throw the ball (somewhere in
left field) is called the error.
 Activity
Measure the length of the paper clip on each ruler pictured below. The
measurements will not be identical. Write the answers in the space
provided.
 Quantifying the uncertainty

The true value may be as low as 5cm- 0.5 cm= 4.5 cm

Or as high as 5 cm + 0.5 cm= 5.5cm

 Reducing the uncertainty
• How can we reduce the uncertainty of an instrument?
• What is the resolution of the following ruler?
• What is the uncertainty of this ruler?
• What is the measurement of the object?
Definition
 Evaluate

25.56
• https://www.liveworksheets.com/pz215131
9qb
( couldn’t be finished in this lesson)
 Revision
1. What is matter? How can we measure the properties of matter?
2. What are some examples of physical and chemical properties of
matter?
3. How can we determine the nature of a substance?
4. Has our ability to measure things more precisely changed our ideas
of the material world?
5. How are cohesive and adhesive forces of matter in mercury and water
different?
6. Apply Lavoisier’s law of conservation of matter to explain how does matter
add up?
7. Explain how a solid substance like sugar and salt dissolve in a liquid
comparing the relative kinetic energies and order of particles in this state of
mater.
8. State what the following abbreviation mean. IUPAC
 Revision
9. What does the following abbreviation mean? STP
 Lesson Objective
• Students will be able to apply the concept of significant
figures to measurement and mathematics operations

• Students will be able understand standardization of

matter ( units)

• Students will be able understand scientific notation

 Recap
https://www.liveworksheets.com/pz2151319
qb
 Explore
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b38hF
WvEjwI&t=883s

• ( 3.4- 8.4s)
 Significant Figures
• What is the difference between the values
of 3, 3.0, and 3.00
 Significant Figures
• Instruments are only so precise.
• The number of digits reported are
considered significant figures.
• There are rules for determining the
number of significant figures.
RULE # 1 SIG FIG 2 SIG FIGS 3 SIG FIGS 4 SIG FIGS 5 SIG FIG

1 6 17 183 34.25 12,375

4
 Rules for Significant Figures
1. Non-zero numbers are always significant.
Ex. 72.3  has 3 significant figures.
RULE # 1 SIG FIG 2 SIG FIGS 3 SIG FIGS 4 SIG FIGS 5 SIG FIG

1 6 17 183 34.25 12,375

2 10 1500 103 5001 12,305

4
 Rules for Significant Figures
1. Non-zero numbers are always significant.
Ex. 72.3  has 3 significant figures.

2. Zeros between non-zero numbers are always

significant.
Ex. 60.5  has 3 significant figures.
RULE # 1 SIG FIG 2 SIG FIGS 3 SIG FIGS 4 SIG FIGS 5 SIG FIG

1 6 17 183 34.25 12,375

2 10 1500 103 5001 12,305

3 50 50. 125,000 12.00 12.000

4
 Rules for Significant Figures
1. Non-zero numbers are always significant.
Ex. 72.3  has 3 significant figures.

2. Zeros between non-zero numbers are always

significant.
Ex. 60.5  has 3 significant figures.

3.Zeros before (to the left of) non-zero numbers

are not significant.
Ex. 0.0253  has 3 significant figures
RULE # 1 SIG FIG 2 SIG FIGS 3 SIG FIGS 4 SIG FIGS 5 SIG FIG

1 6 17 183 34.25 12,375

2 10 1500 103 5001 12,305

3 50 50. 125,000 12.00 12.000

4 0.000001 0.0068 502 502.0 502,340,000

4. All Zeros after (to the right of) non-zero
numbers are significant IF there is a decimal
point in the number.
Ex. 123.00  5 significant figures (decimal)
Ex. 12,000  2 significant figures (no decimal)
Ex. 120.0  4 significant figures (decimal)
Ex. 12,000.  5 significant figures (decimal)
 Let’s try some together….
How many significant digits are in these numbers?
1. 35 g
2. 3.57 m
3. 3.507 km
4. 0.0035 kg
5. 2406 L
6. .0004 m
7. 240.00 g
8. 20.04080 g
 How did you do?
1. 35g 2
2. 3.57m 3
3. 3.507km 4
4. 0.0035kg 2
5. 2406 L 4
6. .0004m 1
7. 240.00 g 5
8. 20.04080 g 7
 Rounding Numbers
• Often times your calculator will give you more
digits than necessary. In these cases you will
round. Let try a few.
1. Round 3.515014 to 5 significant figures.
= 3.5150
2. Round 3.5150 to 3 significant figures
= 3.52
3. Round 3.52 to 1 significant figure
=4
4. Round 3430 to 2 significant figures
= 3400
 Round all of the numbers to four
significant figures
a. 84791 kg
b. 38.5432 g
c. 256.75 cm
d. 4.9356 m
e. 0.00054818 g
f. 136,758 kg
g. 308,659,000 mm
h. 2.0142 ml
 Round all of the numbers to four
significant figures
a. 84791 kg = 84790 kg
b. 38.5432 g = 38.54 g
c. 256.75 cm = 256.8 cm
d. 4.9356 m = 4.936 m
e. 0.00054818 g = 0.00005482 g or 5.482 x 10-5g
f. 136,758 kg = 136,800 kg or 1.368 x 105 kg
g. 308,659,000 mm = 308,700,000mm or 3.087 x 108mm
h. 2.0142 ml = 2.014 ml
 Calculations with significant figures
1. For addition and subtraction, the answers
should be rounded off to the same number of
decimal points as the measurement with the
fewest decimal places.
Ex. 2.56 + 2.1 = 4.66  4.7
Ex. 34.232 + 22.4 = 56.632  56.6
2. For multiplication and division, the answers
should be rounded off to the same number of
significant figures in the measurement with the
fewest significant figures
Ex. 3.01 x 2.0 = 6.02  6.0
Ex. 45 / 9.00 = 5.00  5.0
 Practice:
1) 4.5 + 2.34 = _____________________

2) 2) 4.5 – 5 = ________________________

3) 6.00 + 3.411 = _____________________

4) 3.4 x 2.32 = _______________________

5) 7.77 / 2.3 = ______________________

6) 3.890 / 121 = ______________________

7) 1200 x 23.4 = ______________________

8) 120 x 0.0002 = _____________________

9) 78.5 + 0.0021 + 0.0099 = ___________

10) (3.4 x 8.90) x (2.3 + 9.002) = _________

11) (2.31 x 103) / (3.1 x 102) = ___________

12) 0.0023 + 65 = __________________

 The Fundamental SI base units
measurement Length mass volume temperature
time

unit meter kilogram liter Kelvin

second

abbreviation m kg l K
s

instrument ruler Balance Graduat thermometer

ed stopwatch
cylinder

picture
 Scientific Notation
(same as exponential notation)
• It looks like: N X 10M
• N is a number between 1 and 10
• If M is positive it’s a # > 1
• When M is negative it’s a # <1.
Ex. 2 The diameter of an atom is
0.00000000562cm
- Scientific notation = 5.62x10-9
- 5.62 is between 1 and 10
- The exponent is negative -9 because it
represents a value smaller than 1.
Ex. 3: Convert 2.3 x 102 to standard notation.
• The decimal moves over 2 places to make the
number larger (its positive) =

230
 Ex. 4:
convert 3.6 x 10-4 in to standard
notation