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OSI Model (Topic 3)

The OSI model is a 7-layer framework established by ISO in 1984 that governs how information is transmitted across networks, with each layer performing independent tasks. It includes layers such as Application, Presentation, Session, Transport, Network, Data Link, and Physical, each with specific functions for data handling and communication. The document also contrasts the OSI model with the TCP model, highlighting differences between TCP and UDP in terms of connection orientation, delivery guarantees, and data handling.

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5 views9 pages

OSI Model (Topic 3)

The OSI model is a 7-layer framework established by ISO in 1984 that governs how information is transmitted across networks, with each layer performing independent tasks. It includes layers such as Application, Presentation, Session, Transport, Network, Data Link, and Physical, each with specific functions for data handling and communication. The document also contrasts the OSI model with the TCP model, highlighting differences between TCP and UDP in terms of connection orientation, delivery guarantees, and data handling.

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Suryarao muppidi
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Topic : OSI Model and

TCP Model
OSI Model:
• The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model was developed by the
International Organization for Standardization (ISO), and formalized in 1984. It
provided the first framework governing how information should be sent across
a network.
• OSI stands for Open System Interconnection is a reference model that
describes how information from a software application in one computer moves
through a physical medium to the software application in another computer.
• It is a 7 layer architecture work collaboratively to transmit the data from one
person to another across the globe.
• Each layer is self-contained, so that task assigned to each layer can be
performed independently.
Functions of OSI Model:
• Connectivity over a Network
• Flow of Data over the Network
• It distinctly separates services, interfaces, and protocols. Hence, it is
flexible in nature.
• Protocols in each layer can be replaced very conveniently depending
upon the nature of the network.
7. Application Layer
The application layer is used by end-user software such as web browsers and email clients. It
provides protocols that allow software to send and receive information and present meaningful data to
users. A few examples of application layer protocols are the Hypertext Transfer Protocol(HTTP), File
Transfer Protocol (FTP), Post Office Protocol (POP), Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), and
Domain Name System (DNS).

6. Presentation Layer
The presentation layer prepares data for the application layer. It defines how two devices should
encode, encrypt, and compress data so it is received correctly on the other end. The presentation
layer takes any data transmitted by the application layer and prepares it for transmission over the
session layer.

5. Session Layer
The session layer creates communication channels, called sessions, between devices. It is
responsible for opening sessions, ensuring they remain open and functional while data is being
transferred, and closing them when communication ends. The session layer can also set checkpoints
during a data transfer—if the session is interrupted, devices can resume data transfer from the last
checkpoint.
4. Transport Layer
The transport layer takes data transferred in the session layer and breaks it into “segments” on the
transmitting end. It is responsible for reassembling the segments on the receiving end, turning it back
into data that can be used by the session layer. The transport layer carries out flow control, sending
data at a rate that matches the connection speed of the receiving device, and error control, checking
if data was received incorrectly and if not, requesting it again.

3. Network Layer
The network layer has two main functions. One is breaking up segments into network packets, and
reassembling the packets on the receiving end. The other is routing packets by discovering the best
path across a physical network. The network layer uses network addresses (typically Internet Protocol
addresses) to route packets to a destination node.

2. Data Link Layer


The data link layer establishes and terminates a connection between two physically-connected nodes
on a network. It breaks up packets into frames and sends them from source to destination.

1. Physical Layer
The physical layer is responsible for the physical cable or wireless connection between network
nodes. It defines the connector, the electrical cable or wireless technology connecting the devices,
and is responsible for transmission of the raw data.
TCP V/S OSI Model
Difference between TCP and
UDP:
TCP UDP
• Connection-oriented • Connectionless
• Guarantees delivery • Does not guarantee delivery
• Sends acknowledgments • Does not send acknowledgments
• Reliable, but slower than UDP • Unreliable, but faster than TCP
• Segments and sequences data • Does not provide sequencing
• Resends dropped segments • Does not resend dropped segments
• Provides flow control • Does not provide flow control
• Performs CRC on data • Also performs CRC on data
• Uses port numbers • Also uses port numbers

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