Python Basics 2

Nguyen Ngoc Thao, B.SE

In Charge of Deep Medicine,
Phan Chau Trinh Medical University
[email protected]
0935192556
 Content

➢ Control flow statements

➢ Loop control statements
➢ Function
➢ File Handling
➢ Exception Handling
 Conditional Control
Statements
○ If statement
○ If… else statement
○ If… elif… else statement
○ Nested If statement
○ Short- hand if & if…else statements
If statement

if condition:
# Statements to execute if condition is true

i = 10

if (i > 15):
print("10 is less than 15")
print("I am Not in if")
If…else statement
if (condition):
# Executes this block if condition is true
else:
# Executes this block if condition is false

i = 20
if (i < 15):
print("i is smaller than 15")
print("in if Block")
else:
print("i is greater than 15")
print("in else Block")
print("not in if and not in else Block")
If… elif… else
Statement
if (condition):
statement
elif (condition):
... statement
else:
statement

i = 20
if (i == 10):
print("i is 10")
elif (i == 15):
print("i is 15")
elif (i == 20):
print("i is 20")
else:
print("i is not present")
Nested If Statement
if (condition1):
# Executes when condition1 is true
if (condition2):
# Executes when condition2 is true
# if Block is end here
# if Block is end here

i = 10
if (i == 10):
if (i < 15):
print("smaller than 15")
if (i < 12):
print("smaller than 12")
else:
print("greater than 15")
 Short- hand if & if…else statements
➔ If there is only one statement to execute, the If & If … else statements can
be put on the same line

if condition: Statement

i = 10
if (i > 15): print("10 is less than 15")

Statement_when True if condition else statement_when False

i = 10
print(True)if (i < 15) else print(False)
 Loop Control
Statements
○ for loop statements
○ while loop statements
○ The range() function
○ Loops with break statement
○ Loops with continue statement
○ Loops with else statement
○ Loops with pass statement
 for Loop Statements
➔ is used for sequential traversals, i.e. iterate over the items of squensence
like list, string, tuple, etc.
➔ In Python, for loops only implements the collection-based iteration.

for variable_name in sequence

:
statement_1
statement_2
....

l = ["red", "blue", "green"]

for i in l:
print(i)
 while Loop Statements
➔ is used to execute a block of statements repeatedly until a given condition
is satisfied.
➔ can fall under the category of indefinite iteration when the number of
times the loop is executed isn’t specified explicitly in advance.

while expression:
statement(s)

count = 0
while (count < 10):
count = count + 1
print(count)
 The range() function
➔ is used to specific number of times whereby a set of code in the
for loop is executed.
➔ returns a sequence of numbers, starting from 0 by default, and
increments by 1 (by default), and ends at a specified number.

range(start_number, last_number,
increment_value)

for x in range(2, 6): for x in range(2, 30, 3):

print(x) print(x)
 Loops with break
statement
➔ The break keyword in a for/while loop specifies the loop to be ended
immediately even if the while condition is true or before through all the items in
for loop.

i = 1 colors = ["blue", "green", "red"]

while i < 6: for x in colors:
print(i) print(x)
if i == 3: if x == "green":
break break
i += 1 print(x)
print(i)
 Loops with continue
statement
➔ The continue statement in a for/while loop is used to force to execute
the next iteration of the loop while skipping the rest of the code inside
the loop for the current iteration only.

i = 0
while i < 7: for x in range(7):
i += 1 if (x == 4):
if i == 4: continue
continue print(x)
print(i)
➔ Definition syntax:
Function
Ex:
# A function to check
# whether n is even or
odd
def CheckEvenOdd(n):
if (n % 2 == 0):
print("even")
else:
print("odd")

➔ Calling a Python Function by using the name of the function followed by

parenthesis containing parameters of that particular function.
Ex:
# Driver code to call the function
CheckEvenOdd(2)
 Types of Arguments
➔ A default argument is a parameter that assumes a default value if
a value is not provided in the function call for that argument.
➔ A keyword argument allows the caller to specify the argument
name with values so that caller does not need to remember the
order of parameters.
Ex:
# a Python function
Ex: def student(firstname, lastname):
# default arguments print(firstname, lastname)
def myFun(x, y=50): # Keyword arguments
print("x: ", x) student(firstname='Van A',
print("y: ", y) lastname='Nguyen')
student(lastname='Nguyen', firstname='Van
A')
 File Handling

➔ Opening file
➔ Reading file
➔ Writing to file
➔ Appending file
➔ With statement
 Opening file
➔ Using the function open(): File_object=open(filename,
■ Filename: the name of file mode)
■ mode represents the purpose of the opening file with one of the
following values: Ex:
# a file named "sample.txt",
● r: open an existing file for a read operation. will be opened with the
● w: open an existing file for a write operation. reading mode.
● a: open an existing file for append operation. file = open('sample.txt',
● r+: to read and write data into the file. 'r')
The previous data in the file will be overridden. # This will print every line
● w+: to write and read data. It will override existing data. one by one in the file
● a+: to append and read data from the file. It won’t override existing for each in file:
data. print (each)
 Reading file
➔ Using the function read(): File_object.read(siz
e)
■ size <=0: returning a string that contains all characters in the file
# read() mode
file = open("sample.txt",
"r")
print (file.read())
■ size>0: return a string that contains a certain number of characters
size
# read() mode character wise
file = open("sample.txt",
"r")
print (file.read(3))
 Closing File
➔ Using close() function to close the file and to free the memory space
acquired by that file
➔ used at the time when the file is no longer needed or if it is to be
opened in a different file mode.

File_object.close()
 Writing to file
➔ Using the function write()to insert a string in a single line in the text file and the
function writelines()to insert multiple strings in the text file at a once time.
Note: the file is opened in write mode

File_object.write/
writelines(text)

file = open('sample.txt', 'w')

L = [“PCTU \n", "Python Programming \n", "Computer Science \
n"]
S = "Welcome\n"
# Writing a string to file
file.write(S)
# Writing multiple strings at a time
file.writelines(L)
file.close()
 Appending File
➔ Using the function write/writelines() to insert the data at
the end of the file, after the existing data.
➔ Note: the file is opened in append mode,

file = open('sample.txt', 'w') # Write mode

S = "Welcome\n"
# Writing a string to file
file.write(S)
file.close()
# Append-adds at last
file = open('sample.txt', 'a') # Append mode
L = [“PCTU \n", "Python Programming \n", "Computer Science \n"]
file.writelines(L)
file.close()
 With statement
➔ used in exception handling to make the code cleaner and to ensure
proper acquisition and release of resources.
➔ using with statement replaces calling the function close()

# To write data to a file using with statement

L = [“PCTU \n", "Python Programming \n", "Computer Science \
n"]
# Writing to file
with open("sample.txt", "w") as file1:
# Writing data to a file
file1.write("Hello \n")
file1.writelines(L)
# Reading from file
with open("sample.txt", "r+") as file1:
# Reading form a file
print(file1.read())