Inclusiveness (SNIE 1012)

The Course of Fairness

General Objectives

• Being fair,
• Positive,
• Respecting
• To all from all.
• No one is left behind
 Thought Shower
• Have you heard before about impairment and
disability? Are they differ or the same?

• Why people become impaired or disable? Is it

inborn or after birth?

• Is there a possibility you become disable or

impaired?
 Definitions of Basic Terms
• Impairment,

• Disability and

• Handicap
 Impairment Vs. Disability
Impairment is lack/abnormality of an anatomic, physiological or
psychological structure or function or deviation on a person.
Disability is functional limitations due to physical, intellectual or
psychic impairment, health or psychic disorders on a person
(WHO,1996).

5
Impairment is the Consequence of
Disability

6
 Disability

• Medical definition

• Social definition
 Medical definition
• Disability is pathology (physiological, biological
and intellectual).

•People are individual objects to be “treated,

“changed" or “improved" and made more

“normal”.

•Disabled person needing to “fit in’’ rather than

thinking about how society itself should change

9
 Social Definition

 Disability is a highly varied and complex condition with a

range of implications for social identity and behavior.

 Disability largely depends on the context and is a

consequence of discrimination, prejudice and exclusion.

 Emphasizes the shortcomings in the environment and in

many organized activities in society.

 Disability is in social structure
emphasizes on socio-political context

11
Difference

12
 Handicap
 It is a disadvantage for a given individual that limits or
prevents the fulfilment of a role that is normal.
• Someone who is handicapped has a physical or
mental disability that prevents them from living a
totally normal life .
• Disadvantaged as a result of impairment and
disability.
• Many people who have a disability find this word
offensive.
Handicap

14
Consequences of Impairment, disability and
handicap

15
Level of IDH

16
 For Discussion
• In your local society what causes make
disabled?
• For whom the society balm-shift the cause?
Why?

17
 Causes of Disability

•Genetic Causes

•Environmental

•Unknown Causes

•Inaccessible environments
 Genetic Causes
•Abnormalities in genes and genetic inheritance can

cause intellectual disability in children.

•Down syndrome is the most common genetic

condition.

•Diseases, illnesses, and over-exposure to x-rays can

 Environmental
• Poverty and malnutrition in pregnant mothers
• Poor development of vital organs in the child
• The use of drugs, alcohol, tobacco,
• The exposure to certain toxic chemicals and
illnesses, toxoplasmosis, cytomegalovirus, rubella
and syphilis by a pregnant mother,
• Childhood diseases such as a whooping cough,
measles, and chicken pox may lead to meningitis
and encephalitis.
• Unfortunate life events such as drowning,
automobile accidents, falls and so on
 Unknown Causes
• The human body is a phenomenal thing.
• Scientists have still not figured out what and how
some things in the body, cells, brain, and genes
come about.
• Humans have still not found all the answers to
all the defects in the human body
 Inaccessible Environments

• Developments of infrastructure without

consideration of people with impairment such
as houses, roads, parks and other public
places.

• Lack of education, support services, health

and opportunities for people with impairment
 Activities
• Mention the well known types of disability
and guess the unknown types.
 Type of Disabilities
• Visual Impairment
• Hearing Impairment
• Specific Learning Disability
• Speech and Language Impairments
• Autism
• Emotional and Behavioral Disorders
• Intellectual Disability
• Physical disability/Orthopedic Impairment and Health
impairment
• Vulnerability
Well Known Types of Disability

27
28
 Visual impairment
• Blindness, total or partial inability to see because of
disease or disorder of the eye, optic nerve, or brain.
• The term blindness typically refers to vision loss
that is not correctable with eyeglasses or contact
lenses.
• The term low vision is used for moderately impaired
vision.
• People with low vision may have a visual
impairment
30
 Hearing Impairment

• Hard of Hearing: "A hearing impairment,

whether permanent of fluctuating, which
adversely affects a child's educational
performance but which is not included under
the definition of 'deaf'."
• Deaf: Those who have difficulty
understanding speech, even with hearing aids
but can successfully communicate in sign
language.
32
 Specific Learning Disability
•Disorder in one or more of the basic psychological processes

involved in understanding or in using language (spoken or

written),

•The term includes such conditions as perceptual disabilities,

brain injury, minimal brain dysfunction, dyslexia, and

developmental aphasia.
 Types of Specific Learning Disabilities
• Auditory Processing Disorder (APD)

• Dyscalculia

• Dysgraphia

• Dyslexia

• Language Processing Disorder

• Non-Verbal Learning Disabilities

 Auditory Processing Disorder (APD)
• Also known as Central Auditory Processing
Disorder, this is a condition that adversely affects
how sound that travels unimpeded through the ear is
processed or interpreted by the brain.
• Individuals with APD do not recognize subtle
differences between sounds in words, even when the
sounds are loud and clear enough to be heard.
 APD
• Individuals with APD experiences difficulties in these four
areas of auditory skill, according to the National Center
for Learning Disabilities 3:
1. auditory discrimination: the ability to distinguish distinct,
separate sounds in words (a necessary skill for reading)
2. auditory figure-ground discrimination: the ability to
focus on specific sounds in noisy/competing backgrounds
3. auditory memory: the ability to recall, in the short-term
and long-term, information that is presented orally
4. auditory sequencing: the ability to understand and
remember the order of sounds and words
 Dyscalculia

• Affects a person‘s ability to understand numbers and

learn math.

• Have poor comprehension of math symbols,

• Struggle with memorizing and organizing numbers,

• Have difficulty telling time, or have trouble with

39
 Dysgraphia

• Affects a person‘s handwriting ability and fine

motor skills.

• Problems may include illegible handwriting,

inconsistent spacing, poor spatial planning on

paper, poor spelling, and difficulty composing writing

as well as thinking and writing at the same time.

41
42
 Dyslexia
• Affects reading and related language-based
processing skills.
• The severity can differ in each individual but can
affect reading fluency; decoding, reading
comprehension, recall, writing, spelling, and
sometimes speech and can exist along with other
related disorders.
• Dyslexia is sometimes referred to as a Language-
Based Learning Disability.
44
45
 Language Processing Disorder

• Difficulty attaching meaning to sound groups that

form words, sentences and stories.

• LPD relates only to the processing of language.

• LPD can affect expressive language and/or receptive

language.
47
 Non-Verbal Learning Disabilities
• It is a disorder which is usually characterized by a
significant discrepancy between higher verbal skill

48
Visual Perceptual/Visual Motor Deficit
• It is a disorder that affects the understanding of
information that a person sees, or the ability to
draw or copy. s and weaker motor, visual-spatial and
social skills.

49
Speech and Language Impairments
• It is a communication disorder such as stuttering, impaired
articulation, language impairment, or a voice impairment that
adversely affects a child‘s educational performance.

50
Speech Impairments
• There are three basic types of speech impairments:
articulation disorders, fluency disorders, and voice
disorders.
A. Articulation disorders are errors in the production
of speech sounds that may be related to anatomical
or physiological limitations in the skeletal, muscular,
or neuromuscular support for speech production.
These disorders include:
• Omissions: (bo for boat)
• Substitutions: (wabbit for rabbit)
• Distortions: (shlip for sip)
51
52
B. Fluency disorders are difficulties with the rhythm and timing of
speech characterized by hesitations, repetitions, or prolongations of
sounds, syllables, words, or phrases.
Common fluency disorders include:
• Stuttering: rapid-fire repetitions of consonant or vowel sounds
especially at the beginning of words, prolongations, hesitations,
interjections, and complete verbal blocks

Cluttering: excessively fast and jerky speech

53
 C. Voice disorders are problems with the quality or
use of one's voice resulting from disorders in the
larynx. Voice disorders are characterized by abnormal
production and/or absences of vocal quality, pitch,
loudness, resonance, and/or duration.

54
Language Impairments
• There are five basic areas of language impairments:
phonological disorders, morphological disorders, semantic
disorders, syntactical deficits, and pragmatic difficulties.
• 1. Phonological disorders are defined as the abnormal
organization of the phonological system, or a significant
deficit in speech production or perception. A child with a
phonological disorder may be described as hard to
understand or as not saying the sounds correctly.
• Apraxia of speech is a specific phonological disorder where
the student may want to speak but has difficulty planning
what to say and the motor movements to use.

55
2. Morphological disorders are defined as difficulties
with morphological inflections (inflections on nouns,
verbs, and adjectives that signal different kinds of
meanings).

56
Syntactic deficits are characterized by difficulty in
acquiring the rules that govern word order and
others aspects of grammar such as subject-verb
agreement.
• Typically, these students produce shorter and less
elaborate sentences with fewer cohesive
conjunctions than their peers.

57
Pragmatic difficulties are characterized as problems in
understanding and using language in different social
contexts. These students may lack an understanding of the
rules for making eye contact, respecting personal space,
requesting information, and introducing topics.

58
 Autism
• It is a developmental disability significantly
affecting verbal and nonverbal communication and
social interaction, generally evident before age three
that adversely affects a child‘s educational
performance.
• Characteristics: repetitive activities and
stereotyped movements, resistance to environmental
change or change in daily routines, and unusual
responses to sensory experiences.
60
61
• Autism is a neurodevelopment disorder
defined by impairments in social and
communication development, accompanied
by stereotyped patterns of behavior and
interest
• Autism is pervasive developmental disorder
characterized by lack of normal sociability,
impaired communication and repetitive
obsessive behavior such as politeness, turn-
taking

62
 Emotional and Behavioral Disorders
• Characteristics:
– Inability to learn that cannot be explained by intellectual,
sensory, or health factors;
– Inability to build or maintain satisfactory interpersonal
relationships with peers and teachers;
– Inappropriate types of behavior or feelings under normal
circumstances;
– A general pervasive mood of unhappiness or depression;
or
– A tendency to develop physical symptoms or fears
associated with personal or school problems.
6. Emotional and Behavioral Disorders

64
 Classification of EBD
• Conduct disorder
• Socialized aggression
• Attention problems
• Anxiety/Withdrawn
• Psychotic behavior
• Motor excess
 Conduct Disorder

• Conduct disorder: individuals may seek attention,

are disruptive and act out.
• The disorder is classified by type:
-overt (with violence or tantrums)
-covert (with lying, stealing, and/or drug use).
 Socialized Aggression

• Socialized aggression: individuals join

subculture group of peers who are openly
disrespectful to their peers, teachers, and
parents.
• Common are delinquency and dropping out
of school.
 Attention Problems

• Attention problems- These individuals may

have attention deficit, are easily destructible
and have poor concentration.
• They are frequently impulsive and may not
think the consequence of their actions.
 Anxiety/Withdrawn
• Anxiety/Withdrawn- These individuals are self-conscious,
reserved, and unsure of themselves.

• It is unknown, however, whether it also places youth at

increased risk for physical health problems, such as sleep
difficulties.
• This study examines the concurrent and prospective
associations between anxious-withdrawal and six types of
sleep difficulties (i.e., sleeping too much, sleeping too little,
talking/walking in sleep, being overtired, nightmares, and
general trouble sleeping).
• We further evaluate whether these associations differ for
adolescents who are high versus low in exclusion and
 Psychotic Behavior

• Psychotic behavior: These individuals show

more unusual behavior.
• They may hallucinate, deal in a fantasy world
and may even talk in gibberish.
 Motor Excess

• Motor excess: These students are hyperactive.

• They cannot sit nor listen to others nor keep
their attention focused.
 EBD Two Broad Classifications
1) Externalizing Behavior: also called under
controlled disorder, include such problems
disobedience, disruptiveness, fighting, tempers
tantrums, irresponsibility, jealous, anger, attention
seeking etc…
2) Internalizing Behavior: also known as over
controlled disorders, include such problems anxiety,
immaturity, shyness, social withdrawal, feeling of
inadequacy (inferiority), guilt, depression and worries
a great deal.
EBD Two Broad Classifications
 Causes of EBD

• Biological
• Family factors
• Cultural factors
• Environmental factors
1. Biological- includes genetic disorders, brain
damage, and malnutrition, allergies, temperament
and damage to the central nervous system.
2. Family factors- include family interactions, family
influence, child abuse, neglect, and poor disciplinary
practices at home.
3. Cultural factors- include some traditional and
cultural negative practices, for example watching
violence and sexually oriented movies and TV
programs.
4. Environmental factors- include peer pressure,
living in impoverished areas, and schooling practices
that are unresponsive to individual needs. 81
 Intellectual Disability
• Characterized by significant limitations in both

intellectual functioning and in adaptive behavior, which

covers many everyday social and practical skills.

• This disability originates before the age of 18.

• An individual is considered to have an intellectual

disability based on the following criteria:

 Criteria's
• Sub average intellectual functioning
• Significant limitations exist in two or more adaptive
skill areas
• General Cognition
• Learning and Memory
• Attention
• Adaptive Skills
• Speech and Language
• Motivation
• Academic Achievement
• Physical characteristics
84
• Levels of support for individuals with intellectual
disabilities
Levels and areas of support for intellectual disabilities

Level of Duration of support Frequency of Setting of support Amount of professional

support assistance
support
Only as needed Occasional or Usually only one or two Occasional consultation or
Intermitte
infrequent (e.g. 1–2 classes or monitoring by professional
nt
activities)

As needed, but Regular, but Several settings, but not Occasional or regular contact with
Limited
sometimes continuing frequency varies usually all professionals

Usually continuing Regular, but Several settings, but not Regular contact with professionals
Extensive
frequency varies usually all at least once a week

Pervasive May be lifelong Frequent or Nearly all settings Continuous contact and monitoring

continuous by professionals

Source: American Association on Mental Retardation, 2002: Schalock & Luckassen, 2004.
85
 For Discussion
Identify the difference and similarities of:
• Physical Disability
• Orthopedic Impairment
• Health Impairment
• Physical disability is a condition that interferes with the individual‘s
ability to use his or her body.

• Orthopedic impairment defined as a physical disability which

affects the musculoskeletal system, and that which impacts a child or

adult’s education as well as their daily functioning.

• Health impairment is a condition that requires ongoing medical

attention. It includes asthma, heart defects, cancer, diabetes,

hemophilia. HIV/AIDS, etc.

 Classification and Characteristics

• The physical disability/Orthopedic impairment:

– The Neurological System (the brain , spinal cord & nerve

related problems).

– Musculoskeletal system: it includes the muscles and

their supporting framework and the skeleton.

 Neurological System
• Cerebral Palsy include learning disabilities, mental
retardation, Seizures, speech impairments, eating
problems, sensory impairments, and joint and
bone deformities such as spinal curvatures and
contractures.
• Epilepsy:- is disorder that occurs when the brain
cells are not working properly and is often called a
seizure disorder.
91
92
Spinal bifida and spinal cord injury :-
• It is damage to the spinal cord leads to paralysis
and loss of sensation in the affected areas of the
body.
• The spinal bifida is a birth defect of the backbone
(spinal column). The cause is unknown but it usually
occurs in the first twenty-six days of pregnancy.

93
 Musculoskeletal System
It includes the muscles and their supporting
framework and the skeleton.
1. Progressive muscle weakness (Muscular
Dystrophy);
2. Inflammation of the joints (Arthritis), or
3. Loss of various parts of the body (Amputation)

94
A. Muscular Dystrophy:- is an inherited condition
accruing mainly in males, in which the muscles
weaken and deteriorate. The weakness usually
appears around 3 to 4 years of age and worsens
progressively.

95
• B. Arthritis:-is an inflammation of the joints. Symptoms
include swollen and stiff joints, fever, and pain in the joints
during acute periods. Prolonged inflammation can lead
joint deformities that can eventually affect mobility

96
C. Amputation:- a small number of children have missing
limbs because of congenital abnormalities or injury or disease
(malignant bone tumors in the limbs).
These children can use customized prosthetic devices
(artificial hands, arms, or legs) to replace limp functions and
increase independence in daily activities.

97
D. Marfan Syndrome is a genetic disorder in which the
muscles are poorly developed and the spine is curved.
• Individuals with marfan syndrome may have either long,
thin limbs, prominent shoulder blades, spinal curvature,
flat feet, or long fingers & thumbs.
• The heart and blood vessels are usually affected.
• The greatest danger is damage to aorta, which can lead to
heart failure.
• Individuals with marfan syndrome need to avoid heavy
exercise and lifting heavy objects.

98
E. Achondroplasis:- is a genetic disorder that affects 1 in
10,000 births. Children with this disorder usually develop a
normal chest but have a straight upper back and a curved
lower back (sway back).

100
F. Polio:- is viral disease that invade the brain and cause
severe paralysis of the total body system.
• In its mild form results in partial paralysis.
• Post polio muscles that were previously damaged weaken,
and in some persons, other muscles that were not
previously affected weaken as well.

101
G. Club foot:- is a major orthopedic problem affecting about
9,000 infants each year.
• This term is used to describe various ankle or foot
deformities, i.e
• Twisting inward (equino varus), the most severe form
• Sharply angled at the heel (calcanel vaigus), most common
• The front part of the foot turned inward.

102
H. Cleft lip and cleft palate:- are openings in the lip or
roof of the mouth, respectively, that fail to close before birth,
the cause is unknown.
• Most cleft problems can be repaired through surgery.

103
•Health Impairments
– Heart disease
– Cystic fibrosis
– Acquired immune deficiency syndrome
– Hemophilia
– Asthma
– Diabetes
 Cond…
• Nephrosis & Nephritis
• Sickle-cell anemia
• Leukemia
• Lead poisoning
• Rheumatic fever
• Tuberculosis
• Cancer
 Health Impairments
1. Heart disease:- this is common among young people.
• It is caused by improper circulation of blood by the heart
some of the disorders are congenital )present at
birth);others are the product of inflammatory heart
disease.
• Some students have heart value disorders; others have
disorders of the blood vessels.
2. Cystic fibrosis:- is a hereditary disease that affects the
lungs and pancreas.
• It leads to recurrent respiratory and digestive problems
including abnormal amounts of thick mucus, sweet and
saliva.
106
3. Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS):- is a very
severe disease caused by human immunodeficiency virus
(HIV) infection and transmitted primarily through exchange of
bodily fluids in transfusions or unprotected sex, and by
contaminated needles in addictive drug use.
4. Hemophilia:- is a hereditary disease in which the blood
clots very slowly or not all.
• The disorder is transmitted by sex-linked recessive gene
and nearly always occurs in males.
5. Asthma: is a chronic respiratory condition characterized by
repeared eplosde of breathing difficulties especially while
exhaling.

107
6. Diabetes: Developmental or hereditary disorder
characterized by inadequate secretion or use of insulin
7. Nephrosis & Nephritis. Kidney disorders or diseases
caused by infections, poisoning, burns, accidents or other
diseases
8. Sickle-cell anemia. Hereditary and chronic blood disease
(occurring primarily in African Americans) characterized by
red blood cells that are distorted and that do not circulate
properly

108
9. Leukemia: Disease characterized by excessive production of
white blood Cells
10. Lead poisoning Disorder caused by ingesting lead-based
paint chips or other substances containing lead.
11. Rheumatic fever Disease characterized by painful swelling
and inflammation of the joints that can spread to the hear
and central nervous system.
12. Tuberculosis Infectious disease that commonly affects the
lungs and may affect other tissues of the body.
13. Cancer Abnormal growth of cells that can affect any organ
system

109
 For Discussion
• What will happen for those impaired and
disabled peoples? Why? When?
 Vulnerability
• Economic difficulties
• Social exclusion
• Lack of social support from social networks
• Stigmatization
• Health difficulties
• Being a victim of crime
1. Economic difficulties/lack of financial resources: poverty, low living
standards, housing problems (e.g. too damp, too expensive, too cold or
difficult to heat) etc.;
2. Social exclusion: limited access to facilities such as transportation,
schools, libraries or medical services;

3. Lack of social support from social networks: no assistance from family

members, friends, neighbors or colleagues (referring to practical help as
well as emotional support) like highly gifted individuals;

4. Stigmatization: being a victim of stereotypes, being devalued,

confronted with disgraceful behavior because of belonging to a particular
social or ethnic group;

5. Health difficulties: disadvantages resulting from poor mental health,

physical health or disabilities;
112
6. Being a victim of crime: in family context especially of violence.
Causes of Vulnerability
• Rapid population growth,
• Poverty and hunger,
• Poor health,
• Low levels of education,
• Gender inequality,
• Fragile and hazardous location, and
• Lack of access to resources and services, including
knowledge and technological means, disintegration of
social patterns (social vulnerability).
• Other causes includes; lack of access to information and
knowledge, lack of public awareness, limited access to
political power and representation (political vulnerability
113
 Characteristics of Vulnerable People
• Less physically or mentally capable (infants, older
adults, people with disabilities)
• Fewer material and/or financial resources (low-
income households, homeless)
• Less knowledge or experience (children, illiterate,
foreigners, tourists)
• Restricted by society to grow and develop
according to their needs and potentials
 Who are Vulnerable?
• Women
• Children
• Minorities
• Disabilities
• Poverties
• Aged
• Illiterates
• Gifted and Talented