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 Functions
 Function Definition
 Declaration
 Function Call
 Scope of the variable
 Global Variable
 Function Level Variable
 Block Level variable
Passing Values To
functions
During function call we send
values which a function can
accept
 We can pass any type of
value to the function
 We have to define the data
type of the values in function
definition
Passing Values to a Function
 void add(int a, int b); OR void add (int, int);
 int main(){
 add (7,8);
 add (9,10);
 int x=5, y=10;
 add (x,y);
 return 0;
 }
• void add( int a, int b){
• int add;
• add= a+b;
• cout<<“ Addition is:
“<<add<<endl;
Problem

Write a function which

takes three integers as
parameters and display the
smallest integer
 #include<iostream>
 using namespace std; Example
 void s(int,int,int );
 int main(){
 s(123,135,140);
 int a,b,c;
 cin>>a>>b>>c;
 s(a,b,c);
 return 0;
}
 void s(int a,int b,int c){
 int small=a;
 if(b<small)
 small=b;
 if(c<small)
 small=c;
 cout<<"Samll
Functions With Return
Value
 Function can return single
value to the calling function
 We Use keyword return for
this purpose
 We have to define the data
type of value returned by the
function
 Function can return only one
value
 Function return value and
control to the calling function
Example
 #include<iostream>
 using namespace std;
 int add(int,int,int,int);
 int main(){
 add(2,2,2,2);
 int c;
 c=add(2,2,2,2);
 cout<<"Add is:"<<c<<endl;
 cout<<"Add is:"<<add(3,3,3,3);
 return 0;
 }
 int add(int a,int b,int c,int d){
 int sum=a+b+c+d;
 return sum; \\ can also written as:
return a+b+c+d;
 }
return Keyword
 Returnkeyword used to
perform two activities:
Return the Control
Return the Value & Control
 Only one return is executed
 Nocode statements after the
execution of return is
executed
 #include<iostream> Example
 using namespace std;
 int small(int,int);
 int main(){
 int x,s;
 cout<<"Enter two values:";
 cin>>x>>s;
 int z=small(x,s);
 cout<<"\nSmall value is:"<<z;
 return 0;
}
 int small(int x,int y){
 (x<y )? return x: return y;
}
return Keyword (Example)
 #include • void evenOdd(){
<iostream> • globalVariable=20;
 void evenOdd(); • cout<< globalVariable;
 using namespace • int number;
std;

• cout<<"\n Enter a
int
Number:";
globalVariable;

• cin>>number;
int main() {

• if(number==1) {
evenOdd();
 • cout<<"Number
globalVariable=1
is 1"; return;
0;
 cout<<
• }
globalVariable; • cout<<"Number is not
 Returning control by

functions
A function can end its
execution in three ways:
1. By facing the ending
brace } of function
2. After executing return
statement
3. After returning a value
Scope of Variable
 Scope of the Variable

 Scope mean visibility

(Accessibility )
 Visibility is downward OR after
variable declaration
A variable declared inside a block
has visibility within that block only
 Variables defined within the
function has a scope that is
Visibility of Variable (Scope of
Variable)
 Global Scope/Global Variable:
Anything identified or declared
outside of any function is visible to
all functions in that file
 Function level scope/ Function
Level Variable Declaring
variables inside a function can be
used in the whole function
 Block level scope/Local Variable
Variables or integers declared
inside block are used inside block
 Global Variable

Function Variable

Local Variable
 #include<iostream>


using namespace std;
int add(int,int,int,int);
Example
 int mul(int,int,int,int);
 int min(int,int,int,int);
 int g1=10;
 int main(){
 int c=add(2,2,2,2);
 cout<<“Multiplication:"<< mul(2,2,2,2);
<<endl;
 cout<<“Subtraction:"<< min(2,2,2,2);
<<endl;
 return 0;
 }
 int g2=11;
 int add(int a,int b,int c,int d){
 return a+b+c+d;
 }
 int g3=12;
 int mul(int a,int b,int c,int d){
 return a*b*c*d;
 }
 int g4=13;
 int min(int a,int b,int c,int d){
Reference Variables
 Reference
variables are alias
or another name of variables
 Defined using & operator
 Must be declared and
initialized in same statement
Reference Variables
 #include <iostream>
 using namespace std;
 int main() {
 int a=10;
 int &n=a;
 cout<<a<<endl;
 cout<<++n<<endl;
 cout<<a++<<endl;
 cout<<n;
 return 0;
 }
Passing Arguments to a
Function
 Arguments are passed in two
way
Call by Value
Call by Reference
Call by Value

Problem: Write a function which

take two value as argument and
then swap the values.
 using namespace std;
 #include<iostream>
 void swap(int,int);
 int main(){
 int x=7,y=9;
 swap(x,y);
 cout<<"\n x is:"<<x<<" y is:"<<y;
 return 0;
 }

• void swap(int a,int b){

• int temp=a;
• a=b;
• b=temp;
•
Call by reference
 We also can pass the value by
reference
 In
this case we pass reference of
the variable rather than value
 Weuse & operator for this
purpose
 To
call by reference we cannot
pass value, we have to pass
memory address of variable
Call By Value Call By Reference
#include<iostream> #include<iostream>
using namespace std; using namespace std;
void f( int x){ void f( int &x){
x=40; x=40;
} }
int main(){ int main(){
int a=10; int a=10;
cout<<“a=“<<a<<en cout<<“a=“<<a<<en
dl; dl;
f(a); f(a);
cout<<“a=“<<a<<en cout<<“a=“<<a<<en
dl; dl;
Swap Function with reference
 void swap(int& a,int& b)
{
 int temp=a;
 a=b;
 b=temp;
}
 #include<iostream>
 void swap(int&,int&);
 int main(){
 int x=7,y=9;
 cout<<"\n x is:"<<x<<" y
is:"<<y;
 swap(x,y);
 cout<<"\n x is:"<<x<<" y
is:"<<y;
 return 0;
}
Default
Arguments of
Functions
 Default Arguments
 Functioncall commonly pass a
particular value of an argument
we cannot skip value
 Programmer can provide default
value for arguments from right
to left
 When that argument is omitted
in program the compiler use the
default value
Default Arguments (Example)
 #include<iostream>
 using namespace std;
 int add(int a,int b,int c=0,int d=0,int e=0){
 return a+b+c+d+e;
 }
 int main(){
 cout<<"\nCall with two arguments:"<<add(4,5);
 cout<<"\nCall with three arguments:"<<add(4,5,6
 cout<<"\nCall with four arguments:"<<add(2,3,4,5
 cout<<"\nCall with five arguments:"<<add(1,3,4,3
 return 0;
 }
 #include<iostream> Example
 using namespace std;
 int add(int a,int b,int c=0,int d=0,int
e=0);
 int main(){
 cout<<"\nCall with two
arguments:"<<add(4,5);
 cout<<"\nCall with three
arguments:"<<add(4,5,6);
 cout<<"\nCall with four
arguments:"<<add(2,3,4,5);
 cout<<"\nCall with five
arguments:"<<add(1,3,4,3,3);
 return 0;
}

Exercise
 Writea five argument
function for multiplication
 Give default value to the
last three argument to the
last three variables
 Call it in main differently
Function
Overloading
Function Overloading
 Function is identified with:
name
no of arguments and their
type
 Definingmultiple functions with
same name but different
arguments is function
overloading
 Compiler calls appropriate
function according to the
Function Overloading (Example)
• int add(int a,int b){ return a+b; }
• float add(float a,float b){ return a+b; }
• int add(int a,int b,int c){ return a+b+c; }
 #include<iostream>
 usingnamespace std;
 int main(){
 float x=3.5,y=5.6;
 cout<<"\nCall with integer:"<<add(4,5);
 cout<<"\nCall with floats:"<<add(x,y);
 cout<<"\nCall with 3
arguments:"<<add(2,3,4);
 return 0;