IEEE 802 Working Groups

Inactive or disbanded working

•a Active working groups
groups
802.1 Higher Layer LAN Protocols 802.2 Logical Link Control Working
Working Group
Group 802.4 Token Bus Working Group
802.3 Ethernet Working Group 802.5 Token Ring Working Group
802.11 Wireless LAN Working Group 802.7 Broadband Area Network
802.15 Wireless Personal Area Network Working
(WPAN) Working Group Group
802.16 Broadband Wireless Access 802.8 Fiber Optic TAG
Working 802.9 Integrated Service LAN
Group Working
802.17 Resilient Packet Ring Working Group
Group 802.10 Security Working Group
802.18 Radio Regulatory TAG 802.12 Demand Priority Working
802.19 Coexistence TAG Group
802.20 Mobile Broadband Wireless 802.14 Cable Modem Working Group
Access
(MBWA) Working Group
802.21 Media Independent Handoff
Working 2
 Local Area Networks

Local area networks (LANs) connect computers within a building or a

enterprise network

Almost all LANs are broadcast networks

Typical topologies of LANs are bus or ring or star

We will work with Ethernet LANs.

Bus LAN Ring LAN
 IEEE 802 Standards

IEEE 802 is a family of standards for LANs, which defines an LLC and

several MAC sub layers

IEEE 802 standard
IEEE Higher
Reference Layer
802.1 Model
Logical Link
802.2 Control Data Link
Medium Layer
Access
802.11
802.3

802.4

802.5

Control
Physical
Physical
Layer
Layer
IEEE 802 LAN Layers
 IEEE 802.3 Ethernet LANs
– The MAC layer uses CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with
Collision Detection) technology.
 When a computer wants to transmit a frame it:
– Listens for a frame on the cable, if busy, the computer waits for a
random time and attempts transmission again. This is known as
Carrier Sense.
– If the cable is quiet, the computer begins to transmit.
– Two computers could transmit at the same time. To prevent this
happening, the transmitting computer listens to what it is sending.
– If what it hears is different to what it is sending, then a collision has
occurred. This is known as Collision Detection.
 Contd……..
– When a computer wants to receive a frame it:
 Listens to all frames traveling on the cable.
 If the frame address is the same as the computer’s address or the same as the
group address of the computers of which it is a member, it copies the frame from
the cable.
 Otherwise it just ignores the frame.
 Note: Ethernet LAN is a broadcast network. It is possible to
– Unicast a frame from one computer to any other computer connected to the
same cable.
– Broadcast a frame from one computer to all other computers connected to
the same cable.
– Multicast a frame from one computer to a subset of the computers connected
to the same cable.
Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection
(CSMA/CD)

The basic idea:

When a station has a frame to transmit:
1) Listen for Data Transmission on Cable (Carrier Sense)
2) When Medium is Quiet (no other station transmitting):
a) Transmit Frame, Listening for Collision
b) If collision is heard, stop transmitting, wait random time, and transmit again.

Frame format

This portion must be at least 64 bytes

for the Ethernet to work correctly
 IEEE 802.3 Cabling Standards
– The following is a list of the commonly used
cables in 802.3 LANs.

Cable Cable Transmissi Max. length Max. No.

Name Type on before of
Rate repeater Computer
needed
10Base5 Thick 10Mbsec 500 metres 100 per
coaxial segment
10Base2 Thin 10Mbsec 200 metres 30 per
coaxial segment
cable
10BaseT Twisted 10/100 100 metres 1024 per
Pair Mbsec segment
10BaseF Fiber Optic 100/1000 2000 metres 1024 per
cable Mbsec segment
 IEEE 802.3 Cabling Standards

– 10Base5

– Bus topology is used.

 Connections are made using tap to a thick coaxial cable.
 This results in a poor connection between the computer and the
coaxial cable.

– 10Base2

 This was the most popular 802.3 cable because it was cheap and
there was a good connection between the computer and the
coaxial cable.
• 10BaseT
• star topology is used.
• Stations are connected to a hub via two pairs of twisted
cable.
• Currently most popular since it is easy to maintain but is more
expensive.

• 10BaseF
• Good for high speed connections between buildings.
10Base5 10Base2 10BaseT
 Types of Ethernet

1) FAST ETHERNET

2)GIGABIT ETHERNET

-1 Gigabit

-10 Gigabit
 Token Bus – IEEE 802.4

• A network which implements the modified Token Ring protocol over a "virtual
ring" on a coaxial cable with a bus topology.
• It is mainly used for industrial applications.

1 1 1

1 1

17
 Token-Passing Bus Access
Method
 Physically, it is a Bus network. Logically, it is a Ring network

 Stations are organized as a circular doubly-linked list

 A distributed polling algorithm is used to avoid bus contention

 Token: Right of access

 Token Holder (The station receiving the token)

Transmit one or more MAC-frame

Poll other stations

Receive responses
 Token-Passing Bus Access
Method
 Non-Token Holder

• Listen to the channel

• Respond to a poll

• Send Acknowledgement

 Logical Ring Maintenance

• Ring Initialization

• Addition to ring

• Deletion from ring

• Error Recovery
 Normal Token Passing
Operation

• In numerically descending order (60 -> 50 -> 30 -> 20 -> 60)

• Each station in the ring has knowledge of
• TS: This Station's address ( 本站 )
• NS: Next Station's address ( 後站 )
• PS: Previous Station's address ( 前站 )
• A station has a token holding timer to limit the time it can hold the
token. This value is set at the system initialization time by the
network management process.
• At the end of transmission, the token is passed to the next station.
• Once received the token, the station either starts to transmit or
passes the token to the next station within one response window.
 Addition of a Station

• Token holder has the responsibility of periodically (an inter-solicit-

count timer) granting an opportunity for new stations to enter the
logical ring before it passes the token.
• A Solicit-Successor-1 (SS1) control frame is issued with
• DA = NS
• SA = TS
• Data = Null
• One response window is reserved for those stations desired to enter
the logical ring and their address is between DA and SA. (If the
address of the token-holder has the smallest address in the logical
ring, then a Solicit-Successor-2 frame is issued)
 Addition of a Station

• The station desired to enter the logical ring will respond with a Set-
Successor frame with
• DA = Token-holder address
• SA = TS (Its address)
• Data = TS
• The Token holder detects the event in the response window and
takes appropriate actions:
• No Response: Pass token to the next station
• One Response: Pass token to the newly added station. The newly added
station will update its NS value by recall the DA field of the previously
received Solicit-Successor-1 frame.
 Addition of a Station
(Continued)

• Multiple Responses:
• A Resolve-Contention frame is issued by the token-holder with
• DA = XX, SA = TS, Data = Null
• A station desired to enter the logical ring will response with a Set-Successor
frame as before at the K-th window, where K is determined by the value of the
first two bits of its address. However, if the channel is detected busy before the
K-th window, it will give up.
• If no valid Set-Successor frame is received by the token-holder, the token-holder
will issue another Resolve-Contention frame.
• Now only those stations involved in the contention may try again. The value of K
now is determined by the next two bits.
• The above procedure is repeated until a valid Set-Successor frame is received by
the token-holder. A new station is thus successfully added to the logical ring.
 Deletion of a Station

• The station wishes to be deleted may wait until it receives the token,
then sends a Set-Successor frame to its predecessor, with
• DA = PS
• SA = TS
• Data = NS
• The previous station once receives the Set-Successor frame will
modify its NS and send a token to its new next station.
• The next station once receives the Set-Successor frame will modify
its PS accordingly.
• After these two modifications, the station is removed from the
logical ring automatically.
• If the station fails, it will not receive the token. This will be detected
by the token-sender as explained later.
 Fault Management

• One of the most important issues of the token-bus protocol is to

maintain the logical ring under the following possible conditions:
• Multiple Tokens
• Unaccepted Token
• Failed Station
• Failed Receiver
• No Token
 Multiple Tokens

• Cause:
• Noise
• Duplicate Address, each one may "receive" a token
• Detection:
• While holding the token, the station may hear a frame on the bus which
indicating that another station also has a token.
• Action:
• Drop the token
• If all stations drop the token, the network becomes the case of no token (see
the procedure of handling no token later)
 Unaccepted Token or Failed
Station

• Cause
• The token passed to the next station may be garbled
• The next station fails
• Detection:
• No response (Channel is idle) in one response window
• Action:
• Try to pass token one more time
• It still no response, then the next station is assumed to have failed
• The token holder then issues a Who-Follows frame with
• DA = XX, SA = TS, Data = NS
 Unaccepted Token or Failed
Station

• All other stations once received Who-Follows frame will compare the data with
its PS value. If there is a match, it will issue a Set-Successor frame back. Three
response windows are reserved after Who-Follows. The first two are needed to
make a comparison.
• If no response to the Who-Follows frame, the above procedure will be tried one
more time.
• If still no response to the Who-Follows frame, then it could be that the next
station to the next station has also failed.
• The token-holder will try to establish the ring by issuing a Solicit-Successor-2
frame, with
• DA = TS, SA = TS, Data = Null.
 Unaccepted Token and Failed
Station

• DA=SA=TS implies that every station is invited to respond. Two response

windows are reserved after this frame.
• The first response window is reserved for stations whose address is less than
the sender.
• The second response window is reserved for stations whose address is
greater than the sender.
• The procedure of add a station is then used.
• If still no response to the Solicit frame, then either all stations have failed
(Left the ring) or its own receiver has failed (so it cannot listen).
• If the only one station has something to send, it sends the data. Then repeat
the token passing process. Otherwise, listen to the channel.
 No Token or Initialization

• Cause:
• The Token-holder station fails
• The token is destroyed
• Network Initialization
• Detection:
• No channel activity has been heard for a certain amount of time (Bus-Idle
Timer expired)
• Action:
• Any station when its Bus-Idle timer is expired will issue a Claim-Token frame,
with
• DA = XX, SA = TS, Data = Any value with (0,2,4,6) slot times depending on its address
 No Token or Initialization

• The station with the greatest address will get the token. This is done by
comparing the address. Two bits of the address are compared at a time.
• In each pass, only those stations who transmitted the longest frame on the
previous pass try again.
• The station that succeeds on the last pass considers itself the token holder.
• The difference is 2 slots in the frame padding. The station waits one slot for
its or other frame to pass. It then samples the channel at the second slot.
• The logical ring can then be established by issuing Solicit-Successor frames as
described before.
 Priority Mechanism

• In the control field of data frame, three bits are reserved to indicate
frame priority.
• Only four access classes are considered
• 6 : The highest priority
• 4
• 2
• 0 : The lowest priority
• Hi-Pri-Token-Hold-Time: To avoid one station dominating the
network, an upper bound is set in each station to determine the
maximum time that the highest priority frame can hold the token.
• Each lower access class in the station has a Target token Rotation
Time (TRT).
 802.5 Token Ring LANs
– A Token Ring LAN consists of a collection of ring interfaces connected by
point-to-point lines.

Ring
interface

Unidirectional
Ring – One Way

Computers
 IEEE 802.5 Token Ring LANs

– The MAC sub layer uses Token Ring

Technology.

– In a Token Ring LAN, a special bit pattern

called the token circulates around the ring

whenever all computers are idle.

When a computer wants to transmit:

 It waits for the token to arrive.

 When it arrives, it removes the token from the ring. There is

only one token so only one computer can transmit at any one

time.

 The computer can now transmit its frame on its output link.

 This frame will now propagate around the ring until it arrives

back at the sender who removes the frame from the ring.

 The sender then regenerates the token and passes it to the

next computer (restarting the above steps).

 IEEE 802.5 Frame Format
Bytes 3 2 or 6 2 or 6 4 1 1

Start of Checksum
Destination Source End Frame
Frame Data – No Limit Same as
Address Address Delimiter Status
Delimiter 802.3

Difference between Start

of Frame and Token is
Token only 1 bit in 3rd byte.
3 Bytes

– Start of Frame and End Delimiters mark the

beginning and ending of a frame.
– Destination Address, Source Address and
Checksum are used in a similar fashion to
IEEE 802.3 Ethernet.
 Comparison of 802.3 ‘Ethernet’ and 802.5 ‘Token Ring’
– Generally they have similar technology with similar performance.
– 802.3 Ethernet – Advantages
 Widely used at present. People are experienced in using this
technology.
 Simple Protocol. New computers can be added with having to
bring the network down.
 Almost zero delay at low load, there is no need to wait for a
token, you can transmit when ready.
– 802.3 Ethernet – Disadvantages
 The electronics is more complicated for carrier sense and collision
detection.
 The smallest frame must hold 64 bytes, this means there is a substantial
overhead if you are only transmitting a single character from your
machine.
 Ethernet is non-deterministic system (possibility of repeated collisions).
This means that Ethernet is not suitable for network applications that
require guaranteed delivery times.
 Poor performance at high loads as there can be lots of collisions
reducing the number of messages that are successfully transmitted.
 Comparison………..
– 802.5 Token Ring – Advantages
 Token Ring uses point-to-point connections
between ring interfaces so that the
electronic hardware can be fully digital and
simple. There is no need for collision
detection.

 Can use any medium twisted pair is cheap

and easy to install but could equally use
fiber optic if available.

 Throughput excellent at high loads since

there is no possibility of collisions unlike
802.3.
– 802.5 Token Ring – Disadvantages
 Computers must wait for the token to
arrive, therefore at load, a computer is
delayed before sending.

 Each token ring has a monitor computer,

to look after the ring. If the monitor
computer failed, the remaining computers
would have to wait until it is replaced
before being able to continue.
 What is 802.11 ??

• 802.11 refers to a family of specifications developed by the IEEE for wireless LAN

technology. 802.11 specifies an over-the-air interface between a wireless client and

a base station or between two wireless clients.

• The IEEE accepted the specification in 1997.

IEEE 802.11…….

• Defines two services:

1- the basic services set (BSS)
2- the extended service set (ESS)
 BSS……

• Made of mobile wireless stations and an optional central base

station, known as Access point (AP).
• Without AP BSS can’t send data to other BSS s.
• With AP is called an “infrastructure network”.
ESS…….

-Made up of two or more BSSs with APs.

-BSS s are connected through distribution system,

which is usually a wired LAN.

-uses two types of stations: mobile and stationary.

 Wireless LAN Topology
• Wireless LAN is typically deployed as an extension of an
existing wired network as shown below.
Wireless LAN Topology
• Here is an example of small business usage of Wi-Fi
Network.

DSL Router
DSL
Connection
Etc.

The DSL router and

Wi-Fi AP are often
combined into a
single unit
 802.11 Wireless LAN Working
Group(1/2)
• Types
• Infrastructure based
• Ad-hoc

• Advantages
• Flexible deployment
• Minimal wiring difficulties
• More robust against disasters (earthquake etc)

• Disadvantages
• Low bandwidth compared to wired networks (1-10 Mbit/s)
• Need to follow wireless spectrum regulations
• Not support mobility

48
infrastructure
network
AP: Access Point
AP

AP wired network
AP

ad-hoc network
802.11 Wireless LAN Working
Group(2/2)
 Working Groups summary

802.11

802.11 802.11a 802.11b 802.11g 802.11n

Release Data rate Range Range

Protocol date Op. Frequency
(Max) (indoor) (outdoor)
Legacy 1997 2.5~2.5 GHz 2 Mbit/s
5.15~5.35/5.47~5.
802.11a 1999 725/5.725~5.875 54 Mbit/s ~25 m ~75 m
GHz
802.11b 1999 2.4~2.5GHz 11 Mbit/s ~35 m ~100 m
802.11g 2003 2.4~2.5GHz 54 Mbit/s ~25 m ~75 m
802.11n 2007 2.4GHz or 5GHz 540 Mbit/s ~50 m ~125 m

50
 802.11n Working Group
• What is the 802.11n?
• Uses MIMO radio technology and OFDM as a basis
• Anywhere from 100Mbps to 600Mbps depending on implementation
• Support both 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz
• Use muiltiple stream

• 802.11n increase transmission efficiency of MAC

• Cutting guard band time in half
• Reducing the number of pilot carrier, for data
• Aggregating frames and bursting
• Using a 40MHz instead of a 20MHz channel
30~50% => 70%

51
802.15 Wireless Personal Area Network(WPAN)
Working Group

 Working Groups summary

802.15

802.15.1 802.15.2 802.15.3 802.15.4

 802.15.1 : WPAN/Bluetooth
 802.15.2 : Coexistence Group
802.15.3a 802.15.3b 802.15.4a 802.15.4b
 802.15.3 : High Rate(HR) WPAN Group
 802.15.3a : WPAN HR Alternative PHY Task
Group
 802.15.3b : MAC Amendment Task Group
 802.15.4 : Low Rate(LW) WPAN Group(Zigbee)
 802.15.4a : WPAN Low Rate Alternative PHY
 802.15.4b : Revisions and Enhancements
 UWB Forum

52
 Bluetooth
• What is the Bluetooth?
• Radio modules operate in 2.45GHz. RF channels:2420+k MHz
• Devices within 10m of each other can share up to 1Mbps
• Projected cost for a Bluetooth chip is ~$5.
• Its low power consumption
• Can operate on both circuit and packet switching modes
• Providing both synchronous and asynchronous data services

Bluetooth IEEE 802.11A UWB

frequency 2.4Ghz 5GHz 3.1~10.6GHz
MAX data rate 1Mbps 54Mbps 100Mbps~1Gbps
Range 5~10m 35~50m 10~30m
The number of
79 12 …..
channel

53
 Bluetooth versions
• Bluetooth 1.0 and 1.0B
• Versions 1.0 and 1.0B had many problems
• Manufacturers had difficulty making their products interoperable.

• Bluetooth 1.1
• Many errors found in the 1.0B specifications were fixed.
• Added support for non-encrypted channels.
• Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI).

• Bluetooth 1.2
• Faster Connection and Discovery
• Use the Adaptive frequency-hopping spread spectrum (AFH)
• improves resistance to radio frequency interference
• Higher transmission speeds in practice, up to 721 kbps

• Bluetooth 2.0
• This version, specified November 2004
• The main enhancement is the introduction of an enhanced data rate (EDR) of 3.0 Mbps.
• Lower power consumption through a reduced duty cycle.
• Simplification of multi-link scenarios due to more available bandwidth.

• Bluetooth 2.1
• A draft version of the Bluetooth Core Specification Version 2.1 + EDR is now available

54
 802.16 Broadband Wireless Access(BWA)
Working Group(1/2)
• IEEE 802.16
• Be was established by IEEE Standards Board in 1999, aims to prepare formal
specifications for the global deployment of broadband Wireless Metropolitan Area
Network.
• A unit of the IEEE 802 LAN/MAN Standards Committee.
• A related technology Mobile Broadband Wireless Access(MBWA)

Mobile WWAN
(IMT-2000) 802.16e
(Vehicular) cdma2000® 1xEV-DO,
Mobility

Pedestrian 2G/2.5G
cdma2000® 1xEV-DV 802.16a
Cellular
WCDMA HSDPA (WiMAX)
(Nomadic)
Fixed 802.15.1 802.11 802.15.3a
(Bluetooth) (WLAN) (UWB)
(Stationary)
0.1 1.03.1 10 100
Peak Data Rate per User (Mbits/second)
55
 802.16 Broadband Wireless Access(BWA) Working
Group(2/2)

• Working Groups summary

802.16

802.16.f 802.15.g 802.15.h 802.15.i 802.15.j 802.15.k 802.15.m

 802.16f : Management Information Base

 802.16g : Management Plane Procedures and Services
 802.16h : Improved Coexistence Mechanisms for License-Exempt
Operation
 802.16i : Mobile Management Information Base
 802.16j : Multihop Relay Specification
 802.16k : Bridging of 802.16
 802.16m : Advanced Air Interface. Data rates of 100 Mbps for
mobile applications and 1 Gbps for fixed applications.

56
 802.11 Family Members
• There are several specifications in the 802.11 family:

• 802.11

• Applies to wireless LANs and provides 1 or 2 Mbps transmission in the

2.4 GHz band using either frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) or
direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS).

• 802.11a

• An extension to 802.11 that applies to wireless LANs and provides up to

54 Mbps in the 5GHz band. 802.11a uses an orthogonal frequency
division multiplexing encoding scheme rather than FHSS or DSSS.
• 802.11b

• (also referred to as 802.11 High Rate or Wi-Fi) is an

extension to 802.11 that applies to wireless LANs and
provides 11 Mbps transmission (with a fallback to 5.5, 2
and 1 Mbps) in the 2.4 GHz band. 802.11b uses only DSSS.
802.11b was a 1999 ratification to the original 802.11
standard, allowing wireless functionality comparable to
Ethernet.

• 802.11g

• Applies to wireless LANs and provides 20+ Mbps in the 2.4

GHz band.