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Chapter 1 v8.1 Updated 2025

This document provides an introduction to the structure and functioning of the Internet, including key concepts such as protocols, network edges, and network cores. It outlines the various types of access networks, physical media, and the differences between packet-switching and circuit-switching. The chapter serves as a roadmap for understanding the Internet's architecture and the services it provides.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
11 views35 pages

Chapter 1 v8.1 Updated 2025

This document provides an introduction to the structure and functioning of the Internet, including key concepts such as protocols, network edges, and network cores. It outlines the various types of access networks, physical media, and the differences between packet-switching and circuit-switching. The chapter serves as a roadmap for understanding the Internet's architecture and the services it provides.

Uploaded by

4strstdzfd
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 35

Chapter 1

Introductio
n
A note on the use of these PowerPoint slides:
We’re making these slides freely available to all (faculty, students,
readers). They’re in PowerPoint form so you see the animations; and
can add, modify, and delete slides (including this one) and slide content
to suit your needs. They obviously represent a lot of work on our part.
In return for use, we only ask the following:
 If you use these slides (e.g., in a class) that you mention their source
(after all, we’d like people to use our book!)
 If you post any slides on a www site, that you note that they are
adapted from (or perhaps identical to) our slides, and note our
copyright of this material.
Computer Networking: A
For a revision history, see the slide note for this page.
Top-Down Approach
Thanks and enjoy! JFK/KWR 8th edition
Jim Kurose, Keith Ross
All material copyright 1996-2020
J.F Kurose and K.W. Ross, All Rights Reserved Pearson, 2020
Introduction: 1-1
Chapter 1: introduction
Chapter goal: Overview/roadmap:
 Get “feel,” “big picture,”  What is the Internet? What is a
introduction to terminology protocol?
• more depth, detail later in  Network edge: hosts, access network,
course physical media
 Network core: packet/circuit switching,
internet structure
 Performance: loss, delay, throughput
 Protocol layers, service models
 Security
 History
Introduction: 1-2
The Internet: a “nuts and bolts”
view
Billions of connected mobile network
computing devices: national or global ISP
 hosts = end systems
 running network apps at
Internet’s “edge”

Packet switches: forward


local or
packets (chunks of data) Internet
regional ISP
 routers, switches
home network content
Communication links provider
network datacenter
 fiber, copper, radio, satellite network

 transmission rate: bandwidth


Networks enterprise
 collection of devices, routers, network
links: managed by an organization
Introduction: 1-3
The Internet: a “nuts and bolts”
view
mobile network
4G
 Internet: “network of networks” national or global ISP

• Interconnected ISPs
Streaming
 protocols are everywhere Skype
IP
video
• control sending, receiving of
local or
messages regional ISP
• e.g., HTTP (Web), streaming video,
home network
Skype, TCP, IP, WiFi, 4G, Ethernet content
provider
HTTP network
 Internet standards
datacenter
network
Ethernet
• RFC: Request for Comments
• IETF: Internet Engineering Task TCP
enterprise
Force network

WiFi
Introduction: 1-5
The Internet: a “services” view
 Infrastructure that provides mobile network

services to applications: national or global ISP

• Web, streaming video, multimedia


teleconferencing, email, games, e- Streaming
commerce, social media, inter- Skype video
connected appliances, … local or
regional ISP
 provides programming interface
to distributed applications: home network content
provider
• “hooks” allowing sending/receiving HTTP network datacenter
network
apps to “connect” to, use Internet
transport service
• provides service options, analogous enterprise
to postal service network

Introduction: 1-6
What’s a protocol?
Human protocols: Network protocols:
 “what’s the time?”  computers (devices) rather than humans
 “I have a question”  all communication activity in Internet
 introductions governed by protocols

Rules for:
Protocols define the format, order of
… specific messages sent messages sent and received among
… specific actions taken network entities, and actions taken
when message received,
or other events on message transmission, receipt

Introduction: 1-7
Chapter 1: roadmap
 What is the Internet?
 What is a protocol?
 Network edge: hosts, access
network, physical media
 Network core: packet/circuit
switching, internet structure
 PerformanProtocol layers, service
models
 History

Introduction: 1-9
A closer look at Internet structure
mobile network

Network edge: national or global ISP

 hosts: clients and servers


 servers often in data centers
local or
regional ISP

home network content


provider
network datacenter
network

enterprise
network

Introduction: 1-10
A closer look at Internet structure
mobile network

Network edge: national or global ISP

 hosts: clients and servers


 servers often in data centers
local or
Access networks, physical media: regional ISP

 wired, wireless communication links home network content


provider
network datacenter
network

enterprise
network

Introduction: 1-11
A closer look at Internet structure
mobile network

Network edge: national or global ISP

 hosts: clients and servers


 servers often in data centers
local or
Access networks, physical media: regional ISP

 wired, wireless communication links home network content


provider
network datacenter

Network core:
network

 interconnected routers
 network of networks enterprise
network

Introduction: 1-12
Access networks and physical media
Q: How to connect end systems mobile network

to edge router?
national or global ISP

 residential access nets


 institutional access networks (school,
company)
local or
 mobile access networks (WiFi, 4G/5G) regional ISP

home network content


provider
network datacenter
network

enterprise
network

Introduction: 1-13
Access networks: cable-based access
cable headend

cable splitter
modem

C
O
V V V V V V N
I I I I I I D D T
D D D D D D A A R
E E E E E E T T O
O O O O O O A A L

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Channels

frequency division multiplexing (FDM): different channels transmitted in


different frequency bands
Introduction: 1-14
Access networks: cable-based access
cable headend

cable splitter cable modem


modem CMTS termination system
data, TV transmitted at different
frequencies over shared cable ISP
distribution network

 HFC: hybrid fiber coax


• asymmetric: up to 40 Mbps – 1.2 Gbps downstream transmission rate, 30-100 Mbps
upstream transmission rate
 network of cable, fiber attaches homes to ISP router
• homes share access network to cable headend
Introduction: 1-15
Access networks: digital subscriber line (DSL)
central office telephone
network

DSL splitter
modem DSLAM

voice, data transmitted ISP


at different frequencies over DSL access
dedicated line to central office multiplexer

 use existing telephone line to central office DSLAM


• data over DSL phone line goes to Internet
• voice over DSL phone line goes to telephone net
 24-52 Mbps dedicated downstream transmission rate
 3.5-16 Mbps dedicated upstream transmission rate
Introduction: 1-16
Access networks: home networks
Wireless and wired
devices

to/from headend or
central office
often combined
in single box

cable or DSL modem

WiFi wireless access router, firewall, NAT


point (54, 450 Mbps)
wired Ethernet (1 Gbps)
Introduction: 1-17
Wireless access networks
Shared wireless access network connects end system to router
 via base station aka “access point”

Wireless local area networks Wide-area cellular access networks


(WLANs)  provided by mobile, cellular network
 typically within or around operator (10’s km)
building (~100 ft)  10’s Mbps
 802.11b/g/n (WiFi): 11, 54, 450  4G cellular networks (5G coming)
Mbps transmission rate

to Internet
to Internet
Introduction: 1-18
Access networks: enterprise networks

Enterprise link to
ISP (Internet)
institutional router
Ethernet institutional mail,
switch web servers

 companies, universities, etc.


 mix of wired, wireless link technologies, connecting a mix of switches
and routers (we’ll cover differences shortly)
 Ethernet: wired access at 100Mbps, 1Gbps, 10Gbps
 WiFi: wireless access points at 11, 54, 450 Mbps
Introduction: 1-19
Access networks: data center networks
mobile network
 high-bandwidth links (10s to 100s Gbps) national or global ISP
connect hundreds to thousands of
servers together, and to Internet

local or
regional ISP

home network content


provider
network datacenter
network

Courtesy: Massachusetts Green High Performance Computing enterprise


Center (mghpcc.org) network

Introduction: 1-20
Host: sends packets of data
host sending function:
 takes application message
 breaks into smaller chunks, known two packets,
as packets, of length L bits L bits each
 transmits packet into access
2 1
network at transmission rate R
• link transmission rate, aka link host
capacity, aka link bandwidth R: link transmission rate

packet time needed to L (bits)


transmission = transmit L-bit =
delay packet into link R (bits/sec)
Introduction: 1-21
Links: physical media
 bit: propagates between Twisted pair (TP)
transmitter/receiver pairs  two insulated copper wires
 physical link: what lies • Category 5: 100 Mbps, 1 Gbps Ethernet
between transmitter & • Category 6: 10Gbps Ethernet
receiver
 guided media:
• signals propagate in solid
media: copper, fiber, coax
 unguided media:
• signals propagate freely,
e.g., radio
Introduction: 1-22
Links: physical media
Coaxial cable: Fiber optic cable:
 two concentric copper conductors  glass fiber carrying light pulses, each
pulse a bit
 bidirectional  high-speed operation:
 broadband: • high-speed point-to-point
• multiple frequency channels on cable transmission (10’s-100’s Gbps)
• 100’s Mbps per channel  low error rate:
• repeaters spaced far apart
• immune to electromagnetic noise

Introduction: 1-23
Links: physical media
Wireless radio Radio link types:
 signal carried in various  Wireless LAN (WiFi)
• 10-100’s Mbps; 10’s of meters
“bands” in electromagnetic
spectrum  wide-area (e.g., 4G cellular)
• 10’s Mbps over ~10 Km
 no physical “wire”
 Bluetooth: cable replacement
 broadcast, “half-duplex” (sender • short distances, limited rates
to receiver)
 terrestrial microwave
 propagation environment
• point-to-point; 45 Mbps channels
effects:  satellite
• reflection
• up to 45 Mbps per channel
• obstruction by objects • 270 msec end-end delay
• Interference/noise
Introduction: 1-24
Chapter 1: roadmap
 What is the Internet?
 What is a protocol?
 Network edge: hosts, access
network, physical media
 Network core: packet/circuit
switching, internet structure
 Protocol layers, service models
 History

Introduction: 1-25
The network core
 mesh of interconnected routers mobile network
national or global ISP
 packet-switching: hosts break
application-layer messages into packets
• network forwards packets from one
router to the next, across links on local or
path from source to destination regional ISP

home network content


provider
network datacenter
network

enterprise
network

Introduction: 1-26
Two key network-core functions

routing algorithm Routing:


 global action:
Forwarding: local forwarding table
header value output link determine source-
 aka “switching” 0100
0101
3
2 destination paths
 local action: 0111
1001
2
1 taken by packets
move arriving  routing algorithms
packets from
1
router’s input link
to appropriate 3 2
router output link 011
1

destination address in arriving


packet’s header
Introduction: 1-27
Packet-switching: store-and-
forward
L bits
per packet
3 2 1
source destination
R bps R bps

 packet transmission delay: takes L/R seconds to One-hop numerical example:


transmit (push out) L-bit packet into link at R bps  L = 10 Kbits
 store and forward: entire packet must arrive at  R = 100 Mbps
router before it can be transmitted on next link  one-hop transmission delay
= 0.1 msec

Introduction: 1-30
Packet-switching: queueing
R = 100 Mb/s
A C

D
B R = 1.5 Mb/s
E
queue of packets
waiting for transmission
over output link

Queueing occurs when work arrives faster than it can be serviced:

Introduction: 1-31
Packet-switching: queueing
R = 100 Mb/s
A C

D
B R = 1.5 Mb/s
E
queue of packets
waiting for transmission
over output link

Packet queuing and loss: if arrival rate (in bps) to link exceeds
transmission rate (bps) of link for some period of time:
 packets will queue, waiting to be transmitted on output link
 packets can be dropped (lost) if memory (buffer) in router fills up
Introduction: 1-32
Alternative to packet switching: circuit
switching
end-end resources allocated to,
reserved for “call” between source
and destination
 in diagram, each link has four circuits.
• call gets 2nd circuit in top link and 1st
circuit in right link.
 dedicated resources: no sharing
• circuit-like (guaranteed) performance
 circuit segment idle if not used by call (no
sharing)
 commonly used in traditional telephone networks

* Check out the online interactive exercises for more examples: h ttp://gaia.cs.umass.edu/kurose_ross/interactive
Introduction: 1-33
Circuit switching: FDM and TDM
Frequency Division Multiplexing
(FDM) 4 users

frequency
 optical, electromagnetic frequencies
divided into (narrow) frequency
bands
 each call allocated its own band, can
time
transmit at max rate of that narrow
band
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)

frequency
 time divided into slots
 each call allocated periodic slot(s),
can transmit at maximum rate of time
(wider) frequency band (only) during
its time slot(s) Introduction: 1-34
Packet switching versus circuit
switching
Is packet switching a “slam dunk winner”?
 great for “bursty” data – sometimes has data to send, but at other times not
• resource sharing
• simpler, no call setup
 excessive congestion possible: packet delay and loss due to buffer overflow
• protocols needed for reliable data transfer, congestion control
 Q: How to provide circuit-like behavior with packet-switching?
• “It’s complicated.” We’ll study various techniques that try to make packet
switching as “circuit-like” as possible.

Q: human analogies of reserved resources (circuit switching) versus


on-demand allocation (packet switching)?
Introduction: 1-36
Internet structure: a “network of networks”
mobile network
 hosts connect to Internet via access national or global ISP
Internet Service Providers (ISPs)
 access ISPs in turn must be
interconnected
• so that any two hosts (anywhere!) local or
regional ISP
can send packets to each other
 resulting network of networks is home network content
provider
very complex network datacenter
network

• evolution driven by economics, enterprise


national policies network

Let’s take a stepwise approach to describe current Internet structure


Chapter 1: summary
We’ve covered a “ton” of material!
 Internet overview
 what’s a protocol? You now have:
 network edge, access network, core  context, overview,
• packet-switching versus circuit-
switching vocabulary, “feel”
• Internet structure of networking
 performance: loss, delay, throughput  more depth,
 layering, service models detail, and fun to
 security follow!
 history
Introduction: 1-52
Additional Chapter 1 slides

Introduction: 1-53
ISO/OSI reference model
Two layers not found in Internet
application
protocol stack!
presentation
 presentation: allow applications to
interpret meaning of data, e.g., encryption, session
compression, machine-specific conventions transport
 session: synchronization, checkpointing, network
recovery of data exchange link
 Internet stack “missing” these layers!
physical
• these services, if needed, must be
implemented in application The seven layer OSI/ISO
reference model
• needed?
Introduction: 1-54

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