Chapter 1 v8.1 Updated 2025
Chapter 1 v8.1 Updated 2025
Introductio
n
A note on the use of these PowerPoint slides:
We’re making these slides freely available to all (faculty, students,
readers). They’re in PowerPoint form so you see the animations; and
can add, modify, and delete slides (including this one) and slide content
to suit your needs. They obviously represent a lot of work on our part.
In return for use, we only ask the following:
If you use these slides (e.g., in a class) that you mention their source
(after all, we’d like people to use our book!)
If you post any slides on a www site, that you note that they are
adapted from (or perhaps identical to) our slides, and note our
copyright of this material.
Computer Networking: A
For a revision history, see the slide note for this page.
Top-Down Approach
Thanks and enjoy! JFK/KWR 8th edition
Jim Kurose, Keith Ross
All material copyright 1996-2020
J.F Kurose and K.W. Ross, All Rights Reserved Pearson, 2020
Introduction: 1-1
Chapter 1: introduction
Chapter goal: Overview/roadmap:
Get “feel,” “big picture,” What is the Internet? What is a
introduction to terminology protocol?
• more depth, detail later in Network edge: hosts, access network,
course physical media
Network core: packet/circuit switching,
internet structure
Performance: loss, delay, throughput
Protocol layers, service models
Security
History
Introduction: 1-2
The Internet: a “nuts and bolts”
view
Billions of connected mobile network
computing devices: national or global ISP
hosts = end systems
running network apps at
Internet’s “edge”
• Interconnected ISPs
Streaming
protocols are everywhere Skype
IP
video
• control sending, receiving of
local or
messages regional ISP
• e.g., HTTP (Web), streaming video,
home network
Skype, TCP, IP, WiFi, 4G, Ethernet content
provider
HTTP network
Internet standards
datacenter
network
Ethernet
• RFC: Request for Comments
• IETF: Internet Engineering Task TCP
enterprise
Force network
WiFi
Introduction: 1-5
The Internet: a “services” view
Infrastructure that provides mobile network
Introduction: 1-6
What’s a protocol?
Human protocols: Network protocols:
“what’s the time?” computers (devices) rather than humans
“I have a question” all communication activity in Internet
introductions governed by protocols
Rules for:
Protocols define the format, order of
… specific messages sent messages sent and received among
… specific actions taken network entities, and actions taken
when message received,
or other events on message transmission, receipt
Introduction: 1-7
Chapter 1: roadmap
What is the Internet?
What is a protocol?
Network edge: hosts, access
network, physical media
Network core: packet/circuit
switching, internet structure
PerformanProtocol layers, service
models
History
Introduction: 1-9
A closer look at Internet structure
mobile network
enterprise
network
Introduction: 1-10
A closer look at Internet structure
mobile network
enterprise
network
Introduction: 1-11
A closer look at Internet structure
mobile network
Network core:
network
interconnected routers
network of networks enterprise
network
Introduction: 1-12
Access networks and physical media
Q: How to connect end systems mobile network
to edge router?
national or global ISP
enterprise
network
Introduction: 1-13
Access networks: cable-based access
cable headend
cable splitter
modem
C
O
V V V V V V N
I I I I I I D D T
D D D D D D A A R
E E E E E E T T O
O O O O O O A A L
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Channels
DSL splitter
modem DSLAM
to/from headend or
central office
often combined
in single box
to Internet
to Internet
Introduction: 1-18
Access networks: enterprise networks
Enterprise link to
ISP (Internet)
institutional router
Ethernet institutional mail,
switch web servers
local or
regional ISP
Introduction: 1-20
Host: sends packets of data
host sending function:
takes application message
breaks into smaller chunks, known two packets,
as packets, of length L bits L bits each
transmits packet into access
2 1
network at transmission rate R
• link transmission rate, aka link host
capacity, aka link bandwidth R: link transmission rate
Introduction: 1-23
Links: physical media
Wireless radio Radio link types:
signal carried in various Wireless LAN (WiFi)
• 10-100’s Mbps; 10’s of meters
“bands” in electromagnetic
spectrum wide-area (e.g., 4G cellular)
• 10’s Mbps over ~10 Km
no physical “wire”
Bluetooth: cable replacement
broadcast, “half-duplex” (sender • short distances, limited rates
to receiver)
terrestrial microwave
propagation environment
• point-to-point; 45 Mbps channels
effects: satellite
• reflection
• up to 45 Mbps per channel
• obstruction by objects • 270 msec end-end delay
• Interference/noise
Introduction: 1-24
Chapter 1: roadmap
What is the Internet?
What is a protocol?
Network edge: hosts, access
network, physical media
Network core: packet/circuit
switching, internet structure
Protocol layers, service models
History
Introduction: 1-25
The network core
mesh of interconnected routers mobile network
national or global ISP
packet-switching: hosts break
application-layer messages into packets
• network forwards packets from one
router to the next, across links on local or
path from source to destination regional ISP
enterprise
network
Introduction: 1-26
Two key network-core functions
Introduction: 1-30
Packet-switching: queueing
R = 100 Mb/s
A C
D
B R = 1.5 Mb/s
E
queue of packets
waiting for transmission
over output link
Introduction: 1-31
Packet-switching: queueing
R = 100 Mb/s
A C
D
B R = 1.5 Mb/s
E
queue of packets
waiting for transmission
over output link
Packet queuing and loss: if arrival rate (in bps) to link exceeds
transmission rate (bps) of link for some period of time:
packets will queue, waiting to be transmitted on output link
packets can be dropped (lost) if memory (buffer) in router fills up
Introduction: 1-32
Alternative to packet switching: circuit
switching
end-end resources allocated to,
reserved for “call” between source
and destination
in diagram, each link has four circuits.
• call gets 2nd circuit in top link and 1st
circuit in right link.
dedicated resources: no sharing
• circuit-like (guaranteed) performance
circuit segment idle if not used by call (no
sharing)
commonly used in traditional telephone networks
* Check out the online interactive exercises for more examples: h ttp://gaia.cs.umass.edu/kurose_ross/interactive
Introduction: 1-33
Circuit switching: FDM and TDM
Frequency Division Multiplexing
(FDM) 4 users
frequency
optical, electromagnetic frequencies
divided into (narrow) frequency
bands
each call allocated its own band, can
time
transmit at max rate of that narrow
band
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)
frequency
time divided into slots
each call allocated periodic slot(s),
can transmit at maximum rate of time
(wider) frequency band (only) during
its time slot(s) Introduction: 1-34
Packet switching versus circuit
switching
Is packet switching a “slam dunk winner”?
great for “bursty” data – sometimes has data to send, but at other times not
• resource sharing
• simpler, no call setup
excessive congestion possible: packet delay and loss due to buffer overflow
• protocols needed for reliable data transfer, congestion control
Q: How to provide circuit-like behavior with packet-switching?
• “It’s complicated.” We’ll study various techniques that try to make packet
switching as “circuit-like” as possible.
Introduction: 1-53
ISO/OSI reference model
Two layers not found in Internet
application
protocol stack!
presentation
presentation: allow applications to
interpret meaning of data, e.g., encryption, session
compression, machine-specific conventions transport
session: synchronization, checkpointing, network
recovery of data exchange link
Internet stack “missing” these layers!
physical
• these services, if needed, must be
implemented in application The seven layer OSI/ISO
reference model
• needed?
Introduction: 1-54