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Lecture 11_ Object Modeling

The document discusses texture mapping in computer graphics, highlighting its importance for adding realistic detail without high geometric costs. It outlines the fundamental concepts of texture mapping, types of mapping, and the illumination models used to simulate light interactions with surfaces. Additionally, it addresses hidden surface removal techniques, including backface culling and depth sorting, to optimize rendering efficiency.

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8 views

Lecture 11_ Object Modeling

The document discusses texture mapping in computer graphics, highlighting its importance for adding realistic detail without high geometric costs. It outlines the fundamental concepts of texture mapping, types of mapping, and the illumination models used to simulate light interactions with surfaces. Additionally, it addresses hidden surface removal techniques, including backface culling and depth sorting, to optimize rendering efficiency.

Uploaded by

mosesdray15
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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OBJECT MODELLING

Texture mapping: Motivation


Modeling the fine detail in real objects with triangles is just too
hard sometimes.

Added surface detail can help computer graphics images look


more real.

Texture mapping let’s us use real images in our CG scenes to add


realistic fine detail without the high geometric costs.
Texture mapping: Fundamentals
Textures are most often 2D images
A single element of texture is called a texel

The value of the texel is used to modify surface


appearance in some way

The mapping between texture and surface


determines how pixels and texels correspond

Texture : A detailed pattern that is repeated many


times to tile the plane.
Texture Mapping Basic Strategy
Three steps to applying a texture
1. Specify the texture
• read or generate image
• assign to texture
• enable texturing
2. Assign texture coordinates to vertices
• Proper mapping function is left to application
3. Specify texture parameters
• wrapping, filtering
Texture Mapped on to Tea Pot
Types of Texture Mapping
• Two Types
1. Forward texture mapping:
Computing 3D positions of the texture points and
then projecting them onto the image plane.

2. Inverse texture mapping:


selecting every pixel in the image plane and
finding what point of the texture plane is projected
there.
Drawbacks
• Forward Texture mapping :
Adjacent texture points may project onto non
adjacent image points, thus creating a non colored area .

• Inverse Texture Mapping :


Aliasing(the stair-stepped appearance of diagonal lines
when there are not enough pixels in the image or on
screen to represent them realistically) would appear, if
sampling the texture map is done at a frequency higher
than its Nyquist rate.
Basic Illumination
Light Source Independent Models
Depth Shading
• Color or intensity determined solely by "depth" of polygon.
• Darker colors or intensities at lower elevations.
• Effective in modeling terrain or surface data
• Avoids complex calculations of lighting dependent models
• Simulates realism
Depth Cueing
• Reduce intensity of pixel as the distance from the observer
increases
• Simulates reduction in clarity as distances from the observer
increases
• Image fades in the distance
• Often used in medical imaging
Light Source Dependent Models
What an object looks like depends on
• Properties of the light source such as color, distance from
object, direction from object, intensity of source
• Surface characteristics of object such as color and
reflectance properties
• Location of the observer

Light striking a surface of an object can be


• Reflected (Diffuse reflection & Specular reflection)
• Absorbed
• Transmitted (Translucent or transparent)
• Combination of all three
Illumination (Lighting) Model
 Illumination (lighting) model: determine the color of a
surface point by simulating some light attributes.

 Shading model: applies the illumination models at a set of


points and colors the whole image.

• To model the interaction of light with surfaces to determine


the final color & brightness of the surface, two models can
be used:
• Global illumination
• Local illumination
Global Illumination
• Global Illumination models: take into account the
interaction of light from all the surfaces in the scene.
Local illumination
• Only consider the light, the observer position, and
the object material properties
Basic Illumination Model
• Simple and fast method for calculating surface
intensity at a given point
• Lighting calculation are based on:
• The background lighting conditions
• The light source specification: color, position
• Optical properties of surfaces:
• Glossy OR matte
• Opaque OR transparent (control refection and absorption)
Components of Reflections

Ambient – surface exposed to indirect light reflected from


nearby objects.
Diffuse – reflection from incident light with equal intensity in all
directions. Depends on surface properties.
Specular – near total of the incident light around reflection angle.
ambient diffuse

specular final
Hidden Surface Removal
Visibility
• Assumption: All polygons are opaque

• What polygons are visible with respect to your view frustum?


Outside: View Frustum Clipping
Remove polygons outside of the view volume

Inside: Hidden Surface Removal


Backface culling
Polygons facing away from the viewer
Occlusion
Polygons farther away are obscured by closer polygons

• Why should we remove these polygons?


Avoid unnecessary expensive operations on these polygons
later
Visibility of primitives
• We don’t want to waste time rendering primitives
which don’t contribute to the final image.
• A scene primitive can be invisible for 3 reasons:
• Primitive lies outside field of view
• Primitive is back-facing (under certain conditions)
• Primitive is occluded by one or more objects nearer the
viewer
• How do we remove these efficiently?
• How do we identify these efficiently?
The visibility problem.
Clipping: Remove polygons outside of the view volume

Two problems remain:


Removal of faces facing away from the viewer.
Removal of faces obscured by closer objects.
Backface Culling
• Avoid drawing polygons facing away from the viewer
 Front-facing polygons occlude these polygons in a closed
polyhedron
• Test if a polygon is front- or back-facing?

back-facing
Ideas?

front-facing
Depth Sorting

Given a collection of polygons:


What order do we draw them in?
Depth Sorting: Painter’s Algorithm
• Main Idea
A painter creates a picture
by drawing background
scene elements before
foreground ones

• Requirements
Draw polygons in back-to-
front order
Need to sort the polygons
by depth order to get a from Shirley

correct image
Painter’s Algorithm
• Render polygons in back to front order so that
polygons behind others are simply painted over

B behind A as seen by viewer Fill B then A

25
Painter’s Algorithm - Hard Cases
No solution for:
• Cyclic ordering
• Intersecting surfaces

penetration
cyclic overlap

26

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