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Image Processing

The document provides an overview of image processing techniques, defining it as the digital manipulation of images to remove noise and irregularities. Key techniques discussed include image preprocessing, enhancement, segmentation, feature extraction, and classification, each serving distinct purposes in improving image quality and interpretability. The document emphasizes methods like contrast stretching, noise filtering, and histogram modification as essential for enhancing visual appearance and extracting meaningful information from images.

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13 views

Image Processing

The document provides an overview of image processing techniques, defining it as the digital manipulation of images to remove noise and irregularities. Key techniques discussed include image preprocessing, enhancement, segmentation, feature extraction, and classification, each serving distinct purposes in improving image quality and interpretability. The document emphasizes methods like contrast stretching, noise filtering, and histogram modification as essential for enhancing visual appearance and extracting meaningful information from images.

Uploaded by

joffythoompunkal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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An Overview on

Image Processing
Techniques
INTRODUCTION

• The basic definition of image processing refers to processing of digital image, i.e
removing the noise and any kind of irregularities present in an image using the digital
computer.

• The image is analyzed mathematically and the intensities and grey levels of the image
is found out
DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING

• Digital image processing- processing of a two-dimensional picture by a digital computer

• The various Image Processing techniques are:


a) Image preprocessing
b) Image enhancement
c) Image segmentation
d) Feature extraction
e) Image classification
IMAGE PREPROCESSING

• In image preprocessing, image data recorded by sensors on a satellite restrain errors


related to geometry and brightness values of the pixels. These errors are corrected
using appropriate mathematical models which are either definite or statistical models.
Image enhancement is the modification of image by changing the pixel brightness
values to improve its visual impact.

• Image enhancement involves a collection of techniques that are used to improve the
visual appearance of an image, or to convert the image to a form which is better
suited for human or machine interpretation.
IMAGE PREPROCESSING

• Sometimes images obtained from satellites and conventional and digital cameras lack in contrast and
brightness because of the limitations of imaging sub systems and illumination conditions while capturing
image. Images may have different types of noise.

• Enhancement algorithms are generally interactive and application dependent. Some of the enhancement
techniques are:

• a. Contrast Stretching

• b. Noise Filtering

• c. Histogram modification
Contrast Stretching

• Some images are homogenous i.e., they do not have much change in their levels. In terms of
histogram representation, they are characterized as the occurrence of very narrow peaks.

• The homogeneity can also be due to the incorrect illumination of the scene

• Ultimately the images hence obtained are not easily interpretable due to poor human perceptibility. This is
because there exists only a narrow range of gray-levels in the image having provision for wider range of gray-
levels.

• The contrast stretching methods are designed exclusively for frequently encountered situations. Different
stretching techniques have been developed to stretch the narrow range to the whole of the available dynamic
range.
Example
of
contrast
stretching
Noise Filtering

• Noise Filtering is used to filter the unnecessary information from an image. It is also
used to remove various types of noises from the images. Mostly this feature is
interactive. Various filters like low pass, high pass, mean, median etc., are available
Example
of Noise
Filtering
Histogram Modification

• Histogram has a lot of importance in image enhancement. It reflects the characteristics of


image.

• One such example is Histogram Equalization. Histogram equalization is a nonlinear stretch that
redistributes pixel values so that there is approximately the same number of pixels with each
value within a range.

• The result approximates a flat histogram. Therefore, contrast is increased at the peaks and
lessened at the tails
IMAGE SEGMENTATION

• Segmentation is one of the key problems in image processing.

• Image segmentation is the process that subdivides an image into its constituent parts or objects.

• The level to which this subdivision is carried out depends on the problem being solved.

• Image thresholding techniques are used for image segmentation.

• Segmentation of images involves sometimes not only the discrimination between objects and the
background, but also separation between different regions. One method for such separation is known
as watershed segmentation.
FEATURE EXTRACTION

• The feature extraction techniques are developed to extract features in synthetic


aperture radar images.

• Features are those items which uniquely describe a target, such as size, shape,
composition, location etc.
IMAGE CLASSIFICATION

• Image classification is the labeling of a pixel or a group of pixels based on its grey value

• Classification is one of the most often used methods of information extraction.

• In Classification, usually multiple features are used for a set of pixels.

• Most of the information extraction techniques rely on analysis of the spectral


reflectance properties of such imagery and employ special algorithms designed to
perform various types of 'spectral analysis'.
REFERENCES
B.Chitradevi, and P.Srimathi. “An Overview on Image Processing
Techniques.” International Journal of Innovative Research in Computer
and Communication Engineering 2 (2014): 6466-6472.

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