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Lab 3 4

The document covers inferential statistics with a focus on hypothesis testing, including the definitions of null and alternative hypotheses, types of errors, and the importance of normality in statistical methods. It discusses various t-tests, their assumptions, and provides examples with solutions for conducting hypothesis tests using sample data. The document emphasizes the need for practice in applying statistical concepts effectively.

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Amit Jha
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13 views19 pages

Lab 3 4

The document covers inferential statistics with a focus on hypothesis testing, including the definitions of null and alternative hypotheses, types of errors, and the importance of normality in statistical methods. It discusses various t-tests, their assumptions, and provides examples with solutions for conducting hypothesis tests using sample data. The document emphasizes the need for practice in applying statistical concepts effectively.

Uploaded by

Amit Jha
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Session-12(Lab 3)

Knowledge is the Treasure,


But Practice is the Key
No Mobile Phone …….
………..
No Internet

05/23/25 Prof. R.K.Jena, IMT Nagpur 1


Inferential Statistics

05/23/25 Prof. R.K.Jena, IMT Nagpur 2


Hypothesis Testing
 Goal: Make statement(s) regarding unknown population
parameter values based on sample data
 Type of hypothesis :
 Null hypothesis - Statement regarding the value(s) of

unknown parameter(s). Typically will imply no association


between explanatory and response variables in our
applications (will always contain an equality)
 Alternative hypothesis - Statement contradictory to the

null hypothesis (will always contain an inequality)


 Rejection region - Values of the test statistic for which

we reject the null in favor of the alternative hypothesis


Hypothesis Testing

Test Result H0 True H0 False

True State
H0 True Correct Type I Error
Decision
H0 False Type II Error Correct
Decision

 P(Type I Error )  P(Type II Error )


• Goal: Keep , reasonably small
Hypothesis Testing
 Type of statement
 Alternative/Null hypothesis
 Univariate / Bi-variate/Multivariate
 Types of variables

1. Dependent /Independent
I. Continuous (Scale)/ Category ( Nominal or
Ordinal)
 Parametric/Non parametric Test
 (Normality Test)

Prof. R.K.Jena, IMT Nagpur 5


05/23/25
Assumption of Normality
 Many of the statistical methods that we will apply require the
assumption that a variable or variables are normally
distributed.
 With multivariate statistics, the assumption is that the
combination of variables follows a multivariate normal
distribution.
 Since there is not a direct test for multivariate normality, we
generally test each variable individually and assume that they
are multivariate normal if they are individually normal, though
this is not necessarily the case.

Slide 6
Evaluating Normality
 There are both graphical and statistical methods for
evaluating normality.
 Graphical methods include the histogram and normality
plot.
 Statistical methods include diagnostic hypothesis tests for
normality, and a rule of thumb that says a variable is
reasonably close to normal if its skewness and kurtosis
have values between –1.0 and +1.0. skewness and
kurtosis Z values ( -1.96, 1.96)
 Shapiro-Wilk test (P value > Alpha Value)
 No method is absolutely definitive for the test

Slide 7
Transformations
 When a variable is not normally distributed, we
can create a transformed variable and test it for
normality. If the transformed variable is normally
distributed, we can substitute it in our analysis.
 Three common transformations are: the
logarithmic transformation, the square root
transformation,Cube and the inverse
transformation.
 left skewed (left tail) = use square or cube.
 Right skewed (right tail) = use log or
reciprocal or square root.

Slide 8
When transformations do not
work
 When none of the transformations
induces normality in a variable, including
that variable in the analysis will reduce
our effectiveness at identifying statistical
relationships, i.e. we lose power.
 Use non-parametric test

Slide 9
Summary

05/23/25 Prof. R.K.Jena, IMT Nagpur 10


Test of Hypothetis ( t-Test)
Types of t-Test
1. One Sample t- test
2. Independent t-test
3. Paired t- test
Assumptions:
Assumption #1: Your dependent variable should be measured on a continuous scale
Assumption #2: Your independent variable should consist of two categorical,
independent groups.
Assumption #3: You should have independence of observations, which means that there
is no relationship between the observations in each group or between the groups
themselves
Assumption #4: There should be no significant outliers.
Assumption #5: Your dependent variable should be approximately normally distributed
for each group of the independent variable.
. 05/23/25 Prof. R.K.Jena, IMT Nagpur 11
Example-1
Body weight of students are collect from
an university (sample t test file )
 Write both the null and alternative hypotheses.
 Write the decision rule for rejecting the null hypothesis.
 Determine the test appropriate for the hypothesis
 Using SPSS, please determine the observed value for
test statistics.
 State your decision as to whether to reject the null
hypothesis or not.

05/23/25 Prof. R.K.Jena, IMT Nagpur 12


Solution
Q1. Hypothesis:
H0 : The average of body weight of students is 400
H1: The average of body weight of students is different
from 400
Q2: Confident interval = 95%
(Alpha=0.05)
Rule for rejecting null hypothesis ( Sig <=Alpha)
Q3: One Sample T-Test
Q4: t= -2.428, mean=369.55, df=39
Q5: Sig(p)=0.02, p<=0.05, H0 is rejected and H1 is
accepted

05/23/25 Prof. R.K.Jena, IMT Nagpur 13


Session-13(Lab 4)
People will forget what you
said, people will forget what
you did, but will never forget
how you made them feel.

05/23/25 Prof. R.K.Jena, IMT Nagpur 14


Example-2
Money spend by students per month in
Euros with respect to their gender are
collected ( Independent t test file)
 Write both the null and alternative hypotheses.
 Write the decision rule for rejecting the null hypothesis.
 Determine the test appropriate for the hypothesis
 Using SPSS, please determine the observed value for
test statistics.
 State your decision as to whether to reject the null
hypothesis or not.

05/23/25 Prof. R.K.Jena, IMT Nagpur 15


Solution
Q1. Hypothesis:
H0 : There is no significant difference in money spend per
month with respect to gender of student
H1: There is significant difference in money spend per
month with respect to gender of student
Q.2 : Independent T-test
Q3: Confident interval = 95% , (Alpha=0.05)
Rule for rejecting null hypothesis ( Sig <=Alpha)
Q4:Levenes Test( F=2.67, 93, p=0.105 >Alpha) t= -3.144,
Mean(M)=165.98, Mean(F)=115.78, df=93
Q5: Sig(p)=0.002, p<=0.05, H0 is rejected and H1 is accepted

05/23/25 Prof. R.K.Jena, IMT Nagpur 16


Example-3
Average time taken to response a test
questions before and after consumption
of wine are collected (Paired t test file )
 Write both the null and alternative hypotheses.
 Write the decision rule for rejecting the null hypothesis.
 Determine the test appropriate for the hypothesis
 Using SPSS, please determine the observed value for test
statistics.
 State your decision as to whether to reject the null
hypothesis or not.

05/23/25 Prof. R.K.Jena, IMT Nagpur


17
Solution
Q1. Hypothesis:
H0 : There is no significant difference in response time
among students before and after consumption of wine
H1: There is significant difference in response time among
students before and after consumption of beer
Q2: Confident interval = 95% , (Alpha=0.05)
Rule for rejecting null hypothesis ( Sig <=Alpha)
Q3: paired T-Test
Q3:Corr(before, after)=0.57,sig(p) =0.001<Alpha, t= -5.808,
mean(before)=1110.47, mean( after)=1288.07, df=29
Q3: Sig(p)=0.000, p<=0.05, H0 is rejected and H1 is accepted

05/23/25 Prof. R.K.Jena, IMT Nagpur 18


Lab Exercise
All the Best

05/23/25 Prof. R.K.Jena, IMT Nagpur 19

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