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Loads On Offshore Structures

The document discusses various types of loads on offshore structures, including gravity, environmental, accidental, inertial, and fatigue loads. It details the calculation methods for wind and wave loads, emphasizing the importance of design wave height and spectral methods for load simulation. Additionally, it distinguishes between operating and extreme conditions related to environmental load scenarios.

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RAMJITH K
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30 views20 pages

Loads On Offshore Structures

The document discusses various types of loads on offshore structures, including gravity, environmental, accidental, inertial, and fatigue loads. It details the calculation methods for wind and wave loads, emphasizing the importance of design wave height and spectral methods for load simulation. Additionally, it distinguishes between operating and extreme conditions related to environmental load scenarios.

Uploaded by

RAMJITH K
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Loads on Offshore Structures

Loads on Offshore Structures

Types of Loads
1. Gravity loads (fixed and variable loads)
2. Environmental loads (Wind, Waves, Current, Ice)
3. Accidental loads (Fire, Blast)
4. Inertial loads – due to motion response
(transportation)
5. Vessel Deflection Induced loads
6. Fatigue loads
7. Seismic loads (only for fixed – structures)
Loads on Offshore Structures
Gravity loads
Structural dead loads
-
Facility dead loads

Fluid load
Variable Fixed loads
Live loads
- defined as movable loads and are temporary in nature.
Loads on Offshore Structures
Gravity loads
Structural dead loads

Dead loads includes all the fixed items in the platform deck, jacket, bridge and
flare structures. It includes all primary steel structural members, secondary
structural items such as boat landing, padeyes, stiffeners, handrails, deck plating,
small access platforms etc.

The primary structural steel members will be calculated based on the structural
information in the model automatically when a computer program is used to
analyze the structure. But the weight of secondary structural steel items shall be
calculated applied to the structural model at appropriate locations.
Loads on Offshore Structures
Gravity loads
Facility Dead Loads
The structure built either for drilling or wellhead type
platform or for process type platform supports various
equipment and facilities.
-Mechanical equipment
- Electrical equipment
- Piping for each equipment Manufacturer Supplied
- Electrical cable tray
- Instrumentation
Loads on Offshore Structures
Gravity loads
Live loads
- defined as movable loads and are temporary in nature. This load vary
in nature from owner to owner but a general
guideline on the magnitude of the loads is given below.

S.No Location Load (kN/m2)


1 Storage / laydown 20
2 Walkway 5
3 Access Platform 5
4 Galley 10
Loads on Offshore Structures
Environmental loads
1. Wind loads
1. acts on superstructure (FPSO or fixed structure)

2. Wave and Current loads


1. Much larger magnitude
2. Wave and current loads act directly on fixed structures
3. They induce motions in floating structures and FPSOs

3. Seismic loads
1. seismic loads are only applicable for fixed structures
2. Due to seismic acceleration and structural mass.

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Loads on Offshore Structures
Extreme and Operating Condition
1. Operating Condition
Operating Condition a set of environmental load scenario associated
with the normal operation of the facility and it can be a fixed or
floating structure. This is associated with a load condition that may
occur more often or the occurrence interval is small. i.e. 1 year or 10
year

2. Extreme Condition
Extreme Condition a set of environmental load scenario associated
with the shut down of the facility for a fixed structure or a survival
case for a floating structure. In case of floating structure it may
change its draft or towed away to a safer location. This is associated
with a load condition which occur very rarely or with a large
occurrence interval. i.e. 100 year or 200 year Wave and current loads
act directly on fixed structures
Loads on Offshore Structures
Wind Loads

-
Loads on Offshore Structures
Wind Profile

-
Loads on Offshore Structures
Wind Loads
The wind speed at 10m above LAT (Lowest Astronomical Tide) is normally
provided (Vo).
This wind speed shall be extrapolated to the height above for the calculation of
wind speed.
The extrapolation shall be calculated as below.

Dynamic wind velocity (including gust) is given by the equation:

-
Loads on Offshore Structures
Wind Gust and Profile
For strong wind conditions the design wind speed u (z,t) (ft/s) at
height z (ft) above sea level and corresponding to an averaging
time period t(s) [where t≤t0;t0=3600 sec] is given by:

Where the 1 hour mean wind speed U(z) (ft/s) at level z(ft) is
given by:

And the turbulence intensity Iu(z) at level z is given by:

Where Uo (ft/s) is the 1 hour mean wind speed at 32.8 ft.


-
Loads on Offshore Structures
Variation of Mean wind speed with height
1. Open sea presents a lower category of roughness to the free-
stream wind
2. Wind speed values at the same height above still water level (for
offshore condition) as those above ground level (for land-based
structures) for nominal storm conditions, tend to be stronger and
lead to higher wind loads

-
Loads on Offshore Structures
Variation of Mean wind speed with height

-
Loads on Offshore Structures
Wave Load Calculation
1. Design Wave method
2. Spectral Method

In design wave method, a discrete set of design waves (maximum)


and associated periods will be selected to generate loads on the
structure. These loads will be used to compute the response of the
structure.

In the spectral method, a energy spectrum of the sea- state for the
location will be taken and a transfer function for the response will be
generated. These transfer function will be used to compute the
stresses in the structural members

-
Loads on Offshore Structures
Design Wave method

The forces exerted by waves are most dominant in governing the


offshore structures design.

Period of wind generated waves in the open sea can be in the order of
2 to 30 seconds. These waves are called gravity waves and contain
most part of wave energy.

Maximum wave shall be used for the design of offshore structures.

The relationship between the significant wave height (Hs) and the
maximum wave height (Hmax) is

Hmax= 1.86 Hs
Loads on Offshore Structures
Design Wave method

The design wave height for various regions is tabulated below

API RP2A requires both 1 year and 100 year recurrence wave shall
be used for the design of jacket and piles. Appropriate combination of
loads with these waves shall be used in the design. A one-third
increase in permissible stress is allowed for 100 year storm
conditions.
Loads on Offshore Structures
Spectral Method

Instead of simulating the design wave environment by discrete


maximum wave, a design sea-state described by energy spectrum of
for the given site will be used in the load simulation.
A directional spectrum can also be used
Various sea-state energy spectra are available for use, some of which
are listed below.

Pierson-Moskowitz Spectrum
Jonswap Spectrum
ISSC Spectrum

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Loads on Offshore Structures
Spectral Method

-
Wave Spectrum

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