Faculty of computer

science
Introduction to
Programming
Lecturer: Ahmad Jalal Zalal
 Outline

Introduction to Computers and

Principles of
Computer: is the combination of Hardware and software.
Marketing
Hardware:
Physical aspects of a computer system.
All the computing resources inside a computer or all
touchable parts/components of a computer system.

Software:
Software is set of instructions or programs instructing the
computer to do specific tasks.
Importance of Software
 It plays a major role in daily life. It is an application which gives a
helping hand to the organization to manage data, resources,
performance, and also manages all the internal task and
communication for fruitful result.
 without software hardware won’t work, and without hardware,
software does not work
Programming Languages
 A set of words, symbols and codes used to write programs is
called Programming language.
 Different Programming languages are available for writing
different types of programs.
 Some are specially used for writing business programs, other are
used for writing scientific programs.
Cont.…
There are two types of computer programming languages:
Low-level languages
High-level languages
Low-level language: These languages are near to computer
hardware and for from human languages.
There are two low-level languages.
Cont.…
Machine Language: Assembly Language:
Instructions are written in binary One step higher than machine
form. language.
Directly understood by the Easier to write and modify than
computer. machine language.
Machine dependent. Symbols are used instead of binary
Difficult to understand. code.
Executed very fast by the Also called symbolic language.
computer. Also known as second generation
Also known as first generation language.
language.
High level Languages
High Level Languages:
A type of language that is close to human languages.
High-level languages are easy to understand.
Instructions are written in English-like words such as input, if and
print..
Easier to write and modify.
High-level languages are further divided into three categories
Procedural Languages
Procedural Languages: also known as third-generation
languages or 3GL.
In these languages, program is a predefined set of
instructions. Computer executes these instructions in the
same sequence in which the instructions are written.
Each instruction in this language tells computer what to do
and how to do.
Example: FORTRAN, BASIC, COBOL, PASCAL and C.
Object-Oriented Languages
Object-Oriented Languages: OOP is a technique in which
programs are written on the basis of objects. An object is a
collection of data and functions. Object may represent a
person, thing or place in real world.
Object Oriented programs are easier to learn/write and
modify.
C++ and Java are popular object-oriented languages.
Features of OOP: Objects, Classes, Real-world Modeling,
polymorphism…
Non-Procedural Languages
Non-Procedural Languages: also known as fourth
generation languages or 4GL.
User only needs to tell the computer “what to do” not “how to
do”.
It can be used by non-technical user to perform a specific
task.
Normally used in database applications and report
generation.
Examples: SQL and RPG (Report program generator).
History
•C is a programming Language which is developed during 1970
by Dennis Ritchie . In the case of this language the data was not
secured.
• C Language is not an object oriented language it is a procedural
oriented language. Now what is Object Oriented Language it will be
discuss later.
•In C programming, a program can be divided into smaller programs
called functions. And it doesn't support Function overloading.
•C++ is also called as C with classes or we can say C++ is a C
language with more features.
History
•C++ is a high-level programming language developed by
BJARNE STROUSTRUP starting in 1980 at Bell Labs.
originally named C with Classes but later it was renamed C+
+ in 1983.
C++ runs on a variety of platforms, such as Windows, Mac
OS, and the various versions of UNIX
Creator of C++ Language
Summary
 Computer is the combination of Hardware and software
 Physical aspects of a computer system.
 Software is set of instructions or programs instructing the
computer to do specific tasks.
 A set of words, symbols and codes used to write programs
is called Programming language
 Low-level languages
 High-level languages
 C++ is a high-level programming language developed by BJARNE STROUSTRUP
starting in 1980 at Bell Labs.
 Programming is used to create computer programs like device drivers,
applications, music players, video games and etc.