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Networking Model

The document provides an overview of networking, emphasizing its importance for resource sharing and communication. It details the TCP/IP and OSI models, outlining their layers and functions, including protocols like TCP and UDP, as well as addressing methods such as IPv4 and IPv6. Additionally, it explains the roles of networking devices like routers, switches, and hubs in facilitating data exchange across networks.

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ajith kumar
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3 views22 pages

Networking Model

The document provides an overview of networking, emphasizing its importance for resource sharing and communication. It details the TCP/IP and OSI models, outlining their layers and functions, including protocols like TCP and UDP, as well as addressing methods such as IPv4 and IPv6. Additionally, it explains the roles of networking devices like routers, switches, and hubs in facilitating data exchange across networks.

Uploaded by

ajith kumar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Networking Model

Networking
• Networking refers to the practice of linking computers,
devices, or systems to share resources and information.
• Networking enables data exchange, collaboration, and
efficient communication
Importance of Standardization:
• Standardization ensures uniformity and compatibility.
• Enables interoperability among diverse network devices
and systems.
Overview of TCP/IP Model
• Developed by the U.S. Department of Defense for
robust and scalable communication
• The foundation of the internet
• Network Interface, Internet, Transport,
Application
Overview of OSI Model
• The OSI Model provides a comprehensive framework,
dividing network communication into seven layers, each
with a specific role in ensuring efficient and
standardized data exchange.
• Developed by the International Organization for
Standardization (ISO) to standardize networking
concepts
• Physical, Data Link, Network, Transport, Session,
Presentation, Application
• Each layer serves a specific function in the
communication process
OSI Model Layers
• Application
• Presentation
• Session
• Transport
• Network
• Datalink
• Physical
Application Layer
• Functions: End-user services, communication interfaces
• Examples: HTTP, SMTP
Presentation Layer

• Encryption and decryption of data

• Data compression

• Conversion to human
• readable format
Session Layer

• It is the connection handler

• Session ID is created in this layer to track the sessions

• Initiate, manage and terminate sessions

• Authentication(giving access) and Authorization(gives


privileges to user)
Transport Layer
• Segmentation
• Flow Control
• Error Control
• TCP/UDP
• TCP • UDP

• Connection oriented protocol • Connection less


• https, http, telnet, ftp • VOIP, video streaming
• High reliability • Low reliability
• Speed is lower than udp • Faster
• There is absolute guarantee in data • There is no guaranteein data transfer
transfer. • Header size 8 bytes
• Header size 20 bytes •Lightweight protocol
• Heavy size •Does not have an option for flow
• Tcp does flow control, error checking control
Network Layer

• Logical addressing & path determination

• Routing between different networks

• SEGMENT + SOURCE IP ADDRESS + DESTINATION IP


ADDRESS
Internet Protocol (IP)

• It is a protocol or set of rules for routing and addressing packets of


data so that they can travel across networks and arrive at the correct
destination.
• Ip information is attached to each packet and this information helps
routers to send packets to the right place.
• IP address allocation is done by IANA (INTERNET ASSIGNED NUMBERS
AUTHORITY)
IP Address

• It is a numerical label assigned to each device connected to a


computer network that uses the internet protocol for communication.
• Two types of IP
• IPV4
• IPV6
IPv4 Addressing

• The IPv4 address is a 32-bit number that uniquely identifies a network


interface on a machine. An IPv4 addressis typically written in decimal
digits, formatted as four 8-bit fields that are separated by periods

• Each 8-bit field represents a byte of the IPv4 address

• The bytes of the IPv4 address are further classified into two parts: the network
part and the host part
• Eg: 192.168.25.3
IPv6

• IPv6 is also known as Internet Protocol Next Generation


(IPng).
• It uses 128 bits of data to store an address, permitting
2^128unique addresses
• IPv6 was developed in hexadecimal format contains 8
octets to provide large scalability.
• Like IPv4, IPv6 deals with address broadcasting without
containing broadcast addresses in any class.
• Eg:2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334
Router

• A router connects one network to another network.


• It is responsible for the delivery of packets across
different networks.
• The destination of the IP packet might be a web server
in another country or an email server on the LAN.
• It works on network layer
Data Link Layer

• Physical addressing takes place in this layer

• Packets from network layer is converted into frames

• Switches uses this layer


MAC Address (Media Access Control)

• It is the physical address of NIC card (network interface


controller).
• Using MAC address we can identify a device in our local
network because MAC are always unique.
Switch

• Switch is a networking device, which is more intelligent


than a hub
• Switch does 'filter and forwarding' which is a more
intelligent way.
• It works on the basis of the MAC address
• Which uses a CAM (Content Address Memory) table
contains the mac address of connected devices
• Hardware based
• VLANS (Better traffic and security)
Physical Layer

• Hub uses this layer

• Transmission of raw binary data over physical media

• Bits

• Examples: Cables, Connectors


Hub

• Hub is a multiport device that is used to connect


multiple network hosts.
• When a host sends a data packet to a network hub, the
hub copies the data packet to all of its ports connected
to.
• The hub is not so secure and safe.

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