SIMULATION AND

MODELING
DIKESH KATWAL
MSC CS
UNIT I

■ Introduction to modeling and simulation –

simulation and modeling
System
 Compoents of a System..

■ Event
An event is define as an instaneous occurrence that may change the state of the
system
■ System Environment
The external components which interact with the system and produce necessary
changes are said to constitute the system environment.
• In modeling systems, it is necessary to decide on the boundary between the
system and its environment. This decision may depend on the purpose of the study.
• Ex: In a factory system, the factors controlling arrival of orders may be
considered to be outside the factory but yet a part of the system environment.
When, we consider the demand and supply of goods, there is certainly a
relationship between the factory output and arrival of orders. This relationship is
considered as an activity of the system.
■ System Environment
The changes occurring outside the system are said to occur in system
environment
■ Endogenous System
The term endogenous is used to describe activities and events occurring
within a system. Ex: Drawing cash in a bank.
Exogenous System
The term exogenous is used to describe activities and events in the
environment that affect the system. Ex: Arrival of customers.
Closed System
A system for which there is no exogenous (No External) activity and
event is said to be a closed. Ex: Water in an insulated flask.
Open system
A system for which there is exogenous(External) activity and event is
said to be a open. Ex: Bank system
 Discrete System and
Continuous System..
■ Discrete Systems
• A discrete system is one in which the state variable(s) change only at a discrete
set of points in time.
• The bank is an example of a discrete system: The state variable, the number of
customers in the bank, changes only when a customer arrives or when the service
provided a customer is completed shows how the number of customers changes
only at discrete points in time.
• i.e. Systems in which the changes are predominantly (mostly) discontinuous are
called discrete systems.
• So, A discrete system is one for which the state variables changes
instantaneously (immediately) at separate point of time. E.g. Factory System, Bank
System
 Discrete System and
Continuous System..
■ Continuous Systems •
A continuous system is one in which the state variable(s) change
continuously over time.
• An example is the head of water behind a dam. During and for some
time after a rain storm, water flows into the lake behind the dam. Water
is drawn from the dam for flood control and to make electricity.
Evaporation also decreases the water level. Figure shows how the state
variable head of water behind the dam changes for this continuous
system.
• i.e. A continuous system is one for which the state variables changes
continuously with respect to time. E.g. Head of Water behind the dam
Continuous Systems
 Model of System.,.

A model is defined as a representation of a system

for the purpose of studying the system.
It is necessary to consider only those aspects of the
system that affect the problem under investigation.
These aspects are represented in a model, and by
definition it is a simplification of the system
 Principles used in modeling..

■ . Block building:
• The description of the system should be organized in a series of blocks
to simplify the specifications of the interactions within the system.
• Each block represents a part of the system and the system as a whole
can be described in terms of interconnections between blocks.
 Principles used in modeling..

2. Relevance:
• The model should only include those aspects of the system that are
relevant (applicable) to the study objectives.
3. Accuracy:
• The accuracy of the information gathered for the model should be
considered.
4. Aggregation:
• A further factor to be considered as the extent to which the number of
individual entities can be grouped together into larger entities.
Types of system model:
 Types of system model:
• Physical models are based on some analogy between systems like
mechanical and electrical. The system attributes are represented by such
measurements like voltage.
• Mathematical models use symbolic notation and mathematical equations
to represent the system attributes. The attributes represented by variables and
activities by mathematical functions that inter-relate the variables.
• Static models can only show the values that system attributes take when
the system is in balance
.Dynamic model , follow the changes over time that result from system
activities.
• Applying analytical techniques means using the deductive (logical)
reasoning of mathematical theory to solve a model. For E.g. linear differential
equation
• Numerical methods involves applying conceptual (theoretical) procedures
to solve equations.
1 . Static physical model Represents a system at a particular point
of time and also known as Monte- Carlo simulation.
In this model, the measurements are taken to represent attributes of
the system being study under one set of equilibrium (balance)
condition.
In this case, the measurement do not translate directly into system
attribute values.
Well known laws of similitude are used to convert measurement on the
scale model to the values that will occur in the real system.
For E.g. the flow of heat and the distribution of electric charge through
space can be related by common equation.
2 . Dynamic physical model Represents systems as they change over
time. Ex: Simulation of a bank.
Dynamic physical models are ones which change with time or which are
functions of time.
This model rely upon an analogy between the system being studied and
some other system of different nature, the analogy usually depending
upon an underlying similarities in the forces governing the behavior of
the systems
■ Fig. represents an electrical circuit with an inductance 𝐿, resistance 𝑅
and capacitance 𝐶 connected in series with a voltage source that varies
in time according to function𝐸(𝑡). If 𝑞 is the charge on capacitor it can
be shown that the barrier of the circuit is governed by following
differential equation
3. Static mathematical model
A static model gives the relationship between the system
attributes when the system is in equilibrium (balance).
If the point of equilibrium is change by alternating any of the attribute
values, the model enables the new values for all the attributes to be
derived. But doesn't show the way in which they changed to their new
value.
If mathematical model doesn't involve time i.e. system does not change
with time, it is called static mathematical model of the system
Static mathematical model… For e.g. we look at the case of static
mathematical model from industry. In marketing a commodity generally
there is a balance between supply and demand. Both factors depend on
price. Demand for the commodity will be low when the price is high and

relationship between demand (𝑄) and price (𝑃) might be represented by

it will increase as the price drops. If we take the simplistic linear case the

the straight line

Static mathematical model… Let us model this situation mathematically. If we

equation to be linear we have 𝐷 = 𝑎 − 𝑏𝑃 where a= demand price 𝑆 = 𝑐 + 𝑑𝑃

denote price by P, supply by S and demand by D, and assuming the price

c= supply price 𝑆 = 𝐷
3. Static mathematical model…
In the first model we have taken simple linear case, but fig (b)
might be complex.
In that case the solution may not be so simple. More usually, the
demand and supply are depreciated by curves with slopes upward
and downward respectively.
It may not be possible to express the relationships by equations
that can be solved easily.
Some numerical or graphical methods are used to solve such
relations. In addition, it is difficult to get the values of the
coefficients of the model. Observations over the extended
period of time, however, will establish the slopes (that is values of
b and d) in the neighborhood of the equilibrium points.
These values will often fluctuate under the global and local
economic conditions
Advantages of simulation

Simulation can also be used to study systems in the design stage.

Simulation models are run rather than solver.
New policies, operating procedures, decision rules, information flows,
organizational procedures, and so on can be explored without disrupting
ongoing operations of the real system.
New hardware designs, physical layouts, transportation systems, and so
on can be tested without committing resources for their acquisition.
A simulation study can help in understanding how the system operates
rather than how individuals think the system operates.
what-if" questions can be answered. Useful in the design of new system
 Limitations/Disadvantages of the
Simulation technique
Model building requires special training.
It is an art that is learned over time and through experience.
Simulation results can be difficult to interpret
Most simulation outputs are essentially random variables (they are
usually based on random inputs), so it can be hard to distinguish whether
an observation is a result of system interrelationships. of randomness.