Muscles

Three types of muscle tissue

From Lecture to Lab
The Sarcomere
• A Band- Contains the entire
length of a single thick filament
• I Band- the zone of thin
filaments that is not
superimposed by thick filaments
• Z Line- line in the middle of the I
bands
• H Zone- zone of the thick
filaments that is not
superimposed by the thin
filaments
• M Line- middle of the sarcomere
Now find those structures
 Connective Tissues of a
Muscle
• endomysium
o thin sleeve of loose connective tissue surrounding each
muscle fiber
o allows room for capillaries and nerve fibers to reach each
muscle fiber
• perimysium
o slightly thicker layer of connective tissue
o fascicles – bundles of muscle fibers wrapped in perimysium
o carry larger nerves and blood vessels, and stretch receptors
• epimysium
o fibrous sheath surrounding the entire muscle
o outer surface grades into the fascia
o inner surface sends projections between fascicles to form
perimysium
• fascia
o sheet of connective tissue that separates neighboring muscles
or muscle groups from each other and the subcutaneous
tissue
• tendons bridge the gap between muscle ends and bony 10-8
attachment
Connective Tissues of a
Muscle

Tendo
n

Fasci
a

Skelet
al
muscl
e
Muscl
e
fascicl
Nerve
e
Blood
vessels
Epimysiu
m
Perimysiu
m
Endomysiu
m
Muscle
fiber

Muscle
fascicle

Perimysiu
m

Muscle
fiber

(a
)
 Muscle Origins and
Insertions
• Origin
o bony attachment at
stationary end of muscle Origin
s
Origins

Humer
Scapul
• Belly a
us
Belli
es
o thicker, middle region of
muscle between origin and
Extensor Flexor
s: Triceps s:Biceps
brachii
Long brachii
insertion head
Lateral
head
Brachia
lis

• Insertion
o bony attachment to mobile Inserti
on
Radiu
Inserti s
Ulna
end of muscle on

Figure 10.3
10-10
 Functional Groups of
Muscles
• action – the effects produced by a muscle
o to produce or prevent movement
• prime mover (agonist) - muscle that produces
most of force during a joint action
• synergist - muscle that aids the prime mover
o stabilizes the nearby joint
o modifies the direction of movement
• antagonist - opposes the prime mover
o relaxes to give prime mover control over an action
o preventing excessive movement and injury
o antagonistic pairs – muscles that act on opposite sides of a
joint
• fixator - muscle that prevents movement of bone
10-11
 Muscle Actions Across
Elbow
• prime mover - brachialis
Origin Origins
s

Scapul
Humer
us
• synergist - biceps brachii
a
Belli
es

Extensor Flexor
• antagonist - triceps brachii
s: Triceps s:Biceps
brachii
Long brachii
Brachia
head
Lateral lis
head
• fixator - muscle that holds
scapula firmly in place
Inserti

Inserti
on
Radiu
s
o rhomboids
Ulna
on

Figure 10.3

10-12
 Flexion, Extension and
Hyperextension Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

• flexion – movement that Flexio

n
decreases a joint angle
o common in hinge joints
Extensi

• extension – movement that on

straightens a joint and

generally returns a body (a
)
part to the zero position Figure 9.12a
Hyperextensi
• hyperextension – further on

extension of a joint beyond

the zero position
Extensi
o flexion and extension occur at on

nearly all diarthroses, Figure 9.12b

hyperextension is limited to a
few Flexio
n 9-13
(b)
 Hyperextension

Flexio
n

Hip
flexion

Hyperextensi
on
(c
)

Figure 9.12c
Knee
flexion

Extensi
on
Figure 9.12d
(d) 9-14
 Abduction and
Adduction

(a) Abduction (b) Adduction

• abduction - movement of a body part in the frontal

plane away from the midline of the body
o hyperabduction – raise arm over back or front of head
• adduction - movement in the frontal plane back
toward the midline
o hyperadduction – crossing fingers, crossing ankles 9-15
 Elevation and
Depression

(a) (b)
Elevation Depression

• elevation - a movement that raises a body

part vertically in the frontal plane
• depression – lowers a body part in the same
plane
9-16
 Retraction

• protraction – the
anterior movement of a
body part in the
transverse (horizontal) (a)
plane Protraction

• retraction – posterior
movement

(b)
Retraction 9-17
 Supination and
Pronation
• primarily forearm movements

• supination – forearm movement

that turns the palm to face
anteriorly or upward
o forearm supinated in
anatomical position
o radius is parallel to the ulna

• pronation – forearm movement

that turns the palm to face
posteriorly or downward
o radius spins on the
capitulum of the humerus
o disc spins in the radial notch
(a) (b)
Supination Pronation of ulna
o radius crosses stationary 9-18
 Circumduction
• circumduction - one end of
an appendage remains
stationary while the other
end makes a circular motion
• sequence of flexion,
abduction, extension and
adduction movements
o baseball player winding up for a
pitch

9-19
 Rotation
• rotation – movement in
which a bone spins on its
longitudinal axis
o rotation of trunk, thigh,
head or arm

• medial (internal) rotation

turns the bone inwards
• lateral (external) rotation
turns the bone outwards

(a) Medial (internal) (b) Lateral (external)

rotation rotation
9-20
Special Movements of the Foot
Dorsiflexi
on

Zero
position

(b) (c)
Inversion Eversion
Plantar
flexion
(a) Flexion of ankle

• dorsiflexion – elevation of the toes as you do while swinging the foot forward to take
a step (heel strike)
• plantar flexion - extension of the foot so that the toes point downward as in standing
on tiptoe (toe-off)
• inversion - a movement in which the soles are turned medially
• eversion - a movement in which the soles are turned laterally

9-21
 Learning Strategy
• examine models, cadavers, dissected animals, or
a photographic atlas to get visual images of the
muscle
• when studying a particular muscle, palpate it on
yourself if possible
• locate origins and insertions of muscles on an
articulated skeleton
• study derivation of each muscle name
o usually describes the muscle’s location, appearance, origin,
insertion or action

• say the names aloud to yourself or study partner,

and spell them correctly 10-22
 The Muscular System Superfici Dee Dee Superfici
al p p al

Frontal
is
Orbicularis Occipital
oculi Masset is
Zygomaticus er Semispinalis
major Orbicularis
capitis
Sternocleidomast
oris
Sternocleidomast oid
Splenius
oid capitis Trapezi
Platys Trapezi Levator
us
ma us scapulae
Supraspinat
Pectoralis
minor us
Rhomboideus
Deltoid Coracobrachia minor
Rhomboideus
Pectoralis lis Infraspinat
Serratus major
Deltoid
major us
Teres
anterior (cut)
Infraspinat
Brachial minor
Teres
Biceps is us
Serratus
Rectus major
brachii anteriorbrachii Triceps
abdominis Triceps
Supinat brachii
(cut)
or Serratus posterior Latissimus
Flexor inferior dorsi
Extensor
digitorum External abdominal carpi
Brachioradi
profundus
Flexor pollicis oblique radialis
alis Internal abdominal
Flexor carpi longus
External
longus
Transverse oblique
radialis Erector and brevis
abdominal
External abdominal oblique
Internal abdominal spinae Extensor
abdominal Flexor carpi Gluteus
oblique digitorum
oblique
Tensor ulnaris medius
Pronator Extensor digitorum Extensor carpi
fasciae ulnaris
quadratus (cut) Gluteus
latae Gluteus
minimus maximus
Lateral
rotators
Adduct
Adductor
or
longus
Sartori Adducto magnus
us Gracil
Rectus rs
Vastus Iliotibial band is
Semitendinos
femoris
Vastus lateralis Semimembrano
Vastus us
Iliotibial
lateralis intermedius sus
Biceps
Vastus Gracil band
femoris Biceps
medialis is
femoris

Gastrocnemius
(cut)
Soleus
Fibularis (cut) Gastrocnemi
Gastrocnemi us
longus Tibialis
us
posterior
Flexor digitorum
Tibialis Soleu Soleu
longus
Extensor hallucis
anterior s s
Extensor longus
Fibularis
Extensor digitorum longu
digitorum longus
longus s Calcaneal
tendon

Figure 10.4a (a) Anterior

Figure 10.4b (b) Posterior 10-23
view
view
 Best way to study
Make
notecards
Frontalis
Origin: Galea aponeurotica
Insertion: Skin of eyebrow and bridge of nose
Action: Raises eyebrow and wrinkles forehead

Innervation: Facial
 Head and Neck
Muscles
Name Origin Insertion Action Innervatio
n
Orbicularis oculi Frontal bone and Skin Blinks and Facial
Maxilla surrounding squints the eye
the eylids
Orbicularis oris Maxilla and Lips Compresses the Facial
mandible Lips
Frontalis Galea aponeurotica Skin of Raises eyebrow Facial
eyebrow and and wrinkles
bridge of nose forehead
Occipitalis Occipital bone and Galea Retracts scalp Facial
mastoid process aponeurotica
Temporalis Frontal, temporal Mandible Elevates Trigeminal
and parietal bones mandible
Zygomaticus major Zygomatic bone Corner of Retracts and Facial
and minor mouth and elevates corners
upper lip of mouth
Buccinator Maxilla and Orbicularis Compresses Facial
mandible Oris Cheeks
Sternocleidomastoid Clavicle Mastoid Together flexes Spinal
process neck, head to
shoulder
Masseter Zygomatic arch Mandible Elevates Trigeminal
Muscles of Head and Neck
Superficial
Deep

Galea
aponeurotica
Frontal
is

Corrugator
supercilii

Orbicularis
oculi
Nasali
s
Levator labii Levator anguli
superioris oris
Zygomaticus
minor Masset
Zygomaticus
er
major
Risori Buccina
us tor
Modiol
us Orbicularis
Depressor anguli
oris oris
Depressor labii Mentalis
inferioris (cut)
Platys
ma
(a) Anterior
view

Figure 10.7a
10-26
 Muscles of Head and Neck

Galea Frontalis
aponeurotica (cut)
Corrugator
Tempora supercilii
lis Orbicularis
Occipita oculi
Nasal
is
lis
Levator labii
Zygomatic superioris
arch Zygomaticus
minor
Zygomaticus
major
Orbicularis
Masset oris
er
Sternocleidomas
toid Levator Modiol
us
scapulae
Inferior Risorius
pharyngeal (cut)
Mental
constrictor Thyrohyo is
id Depressor
Sternothyr labii
oid
Omohyoi inferioris
Depressor anguli
d oris
Sternohyo (b) Lateral Buccina
id view tor 10-27
Figure 10.7b
Muscles of Head and Neck
 Chest, Abdomin and Back
Name Origin Insertion Action Innervatio

External oblique
Muscles
Lower ribs
n
Linea alba and Compresses Intercostal
iliac crest abdomen, flexes
vertebral column
Internal oblique Lumbodorsal fascia and Linea alba, Compresses Intercostal
iliac crest lower ribs and abdomen, flexes
xiphoid process vertebral column
Rectus abdominis Pubis Xiphoid process Depresses ribs, Intercostal
and costal flexes vertebral
cartilages of column
lower ribs
Transverse abdominis Iliac crest and lower Linea alba and Compresses Intercostal
ribs pubis abdomin
Diaphragm Xiphoid process and Central tendon Expands thoracic Phrenic
ribs sheet cavity to produce
inhalation
Pectoralis major Clavicle, sternum and Greater tubercle Flexes shoulder, Pectorals
costal cartilages of adducts humerus
upper ribs
Pectoralis minor Ribs 3-5 Coracoid Depresses scapula Median pectoral
process of
scapula
Serratus anterior Ribs 1-9 Vertebral Protracts and Long thoracic
border of rotates scapula
scapula
Trapezius Occipital bone, spinous Acromial Elevates and Cervical spinals
Chest Muscles

Pectoralis
major
Latissimus
dorsi
Serratus
anterior

Transverse
Rectus abdominal
sheath
Internal
abdominal
Linea oblique (cut)
External
alba abdominal
oblique (cut)
Rectus
abdominis
Inguinal
(a)
Superficial
ligament 10-32
 Superficial Muscles of
Back
Superfici Deep
al

Sternocleidomas
toid
Trapezi Levator
us scapulae
Rhomboideus
minor
Rhomboideus
major
Supraspina
tus
Infraspina
Deltoi tus
Teres
d minor
Teres
major
Erector Serratus
spinae anterior

Latissim External
us abdominal
dorsi oblique
External Internal
abdominal abdominal
oblique oblique
Gluteus Gluteus
minimus
medius
Gluteus Lateral
maximus rotators

Figure 10-33
Chest, Abdomin and Back
Muscles

Diaphrag
m
 Shoulder Muscles
Name Action
Supraspinatus Abduction
Infraspinatus Lateral rotation
Teres minor Adduction and
lateral rotation
Subscapularis Medial rotation
S.I.T.S Muscles
 Arm Muscles
Name Origin Insertion Action Innervati
on
Deltoid Acromion and scapular spine Deltoid tuberosity of the Abducts humerus Axillary
humerus
Brachialis Distal anterior shaft of Coronoid process of the Flexes elbow Musculocutaneo
humerus ulna us

Brachioradialis Distal lateral end of humerus Lateral surface of radius Flexes elbow Radial
near styloid process
Biceps brachii Coracoid process (short head) Radial tuberosity Supinates forearm Musculocutaneo
Supra-glenoid tubercle (long and hand, Flexes us
head) elbow
Triceps brachii Scapula and humerus Olecranon process of the Extends elbow Radial
ulna
Pronator teres Medial epicondyle of humerus Midshaft of radius Pronates forearm Median
and coronoid process of ulna
Flexor carpi Medial epicondyle of Metacarpals Flexes wrist Median
radialis humerus
Palmaris longus Medial epicondyle of humerus Palmar aponeurosis Flexes wrist Median

Flexor carpi Medial epicondyle of humerus Pisiform and hamate Flexes wrist Ulnar
ulnaris
Extensor Lateral epicondyle of humerus Phalanges Extends phalanges Radial
digitorum
Extensor carpi Lateral epicondyle of humerus Metacarpals Extends wrist Radial
radialis
Extensor carpi Lateral epicondyle of humerus 5th metacarpal Extends wrist Radial
ulnaris
Supinator Lateral epicondyle of Proximal radius Supinates forearm Radial
 Muscles Acting on
Forearm
Deltoi Clavicl
e
Biceps
brachii:
d Long
head
Short
Sternu head
m

Triceps brachii
Lateral
head
Long
head
Medial
Pectoralis
head major
Biceps
brachii
Brachia (c) Anterior view

lis
Brachioradi
alis
Supraspina
tus
Spine of
Greater
scapulatubercle of humerus

Infraspinat
us
Humer
(a) Anterior view us
Teres minor
Teres major

Triceps brachii:
Lateral
Long
head
head

Latissimus
dorsi

(b) Posterior
view 10-39
Anterior Muscles Acting on
Wrist and Hand
Biceps
brachii
Triceps
brachii
Brachial Supinat
is or
Pronator Interosseous

Anterior teres membrane

view
Brachioradia Flexor

lis digitorum
profundus
Flexor carpi
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
radialis Flexor Flexor
pollicis longus pollicis
Palmaris longus

longus
Flexor carpi
ulnaris
Extensor carpi
radialis
longus and brevis
Palmar
aponeurosis

(a) Superficial (b) Intermediate (c) Deep

flexors flexor flexors

10-40
Another View
Arm Muscles
 Leg Muscles
Name Origin Insertion Action Innervatio
n
Biceps femoris Ischial tuberosity, Fibular head Flexes knee, extends Sciatic
Femur hip
Semimembranosus Ischial tuberosity Medial condyle of tibia Flexes knee, extends Sciatic
hip
Semitendinosus Ischial tuberosity Proximal tibia Flexes knee, extends Sciatic
hip
Sartorius Iliac spine Medial tibia Flexes knee, and hip Femoral

Rectus femoris Iliac spine Tibial tuberosity via patellar Extends knee Femoral
ligament
Vastus intermedius Proximal femur Tibial tuberosity via patellar Extends knee Femoral
ligament
Vastus lateralis Proximal femur Tibial tuberosity via patellar Extends knee Femoral
ligament
Vastus medialis Proximal femur Tibial tuberosity via patellar Extends knee Femoral
ligament
Gluteus maximus Iliac crest and sacrum Posterior femur Extends hip, abducts Superior
femur gluteal
Gluteus medius Ilium Greater trochanter Abducts hip Superior
gluteal

Tensor fascia latea Iliac spine Tibia Flexes and abducts hip Superior
gluteal
Adductor longus Pubis Posterior femur Adducts Obturator

Gracilis Pubis Tibia Flexes and abducts hip Obturator

Tiboalis anterior Proximal tibia First metatarsal and first Dorsiflexes foot Sciatic
Muscles Acting on the Knee and
Leg
Iliac
crest
Iliopsoa
s: Iliac
Psoas
us
L5
major

Anterior
superior
iliac spine

Tensor
fasciae Medial
compartment:
latae Adductor
Pectine

Iliotibial magnus
us
Adductor
brevis
Adductor
band longus
Gracil
is
Anterior
Sartori:
compartment
us
Quadriceps

Vastus
femoris:

intermedius
Rectus
femoris
Vastus
lateralis
Vastus
medialis
Quadriceps
femoris
tendont
Patell
a

Patella
r
ligame
nt

(a) (b)
Superficial Deep

Figure 10.36 10-45

Muscles Acting on the Knee and
Leg

• posterior (flexor) Gluteus

medius
compartment of the thigh Gluteus
maximus
o contains hamstring muscles
o from lateral to medial;
biceps femoris Gracil
is
Adductor
semitendinosus magnus
Iliotibial
semimembranosus band
Vastus
lateralis
Hamstring
group:
Biceps
Long
femoris
head
Short
head
Semitendino
sus
Semimembrano
sus

Figure 10-46
Upper Leg Muscles
 Anterior Compartment of Leg
Patell
a
Patella
r
ligame
nt
Tibia
Fibular Gastrocnem
is ius
longus
Soleu
Fibular s
is Tibiali
Extensor
brevis s
digitorum Tibiali Extens Extensor
longus anteri s or digitorum
or anteri halluci longus
Extensor or s
Fibular
longus
retinacula
is
Extens tertius
or
halluci
s
Extenso
brevis
r
digitoru
Figure 10.39
(a (b m (c (d)
) ) brevis )

• anterior (extensor) compartment of the leg

o dorsiflex the ankle
o prevent toes from scuffing when walking
o fibularis (peroneus) tertius
o extensor digitorum longus
o extensor hallucis longus
o tibialis anterior 10-48
 Posterior Compartment of Leg

Superficial Group

Heads of gastrocnemius (cut)

Plantar
is
Poplite Fibularis longus
us
Gastrocnemi
Soleu
us: Medial head
Lateral
s
head Tendon
of
plantari
s Gastrocnemius
(cut)
Fibular
Tendon of is
gastrocnemi Fibular
longus
us Flexor
is
digitorum
brevis
Flexor
longus
hallucis
longus

Calcaneal
tendon
(a
Calcane
us
(b)
Figure 10.40
)

• three muscles of the superficial group

o gastrocnemius - plantar flexes foot, flexes knee
o soleus – plantar flexes foot
o plantaris - weak synergist of triceps surae

10-49
 Leg
Muscles
The End